可观测的

Therefore, the robust feedback linearization control is obtained.(2) For affine nonlinear systems with parameter uncertainties, a novel nonlinear state observer is constructed. Under nonlinear feedback control based on observed state, the regulated system state is guaranteed to enter and remain in a enough small neighborhood of origin.

对仿射非线性系统，考虑其参数的不确定性，设计了一种新型的非线性状态观测器，通过调节观测器和控制器的参数，可使系统在基于观测状态的控制下，调节状态到原点的一个足够小表示领域内。

On the base of analysis concerning Tianjing and Tanggo-Xingang soil properties and observation results of settlements, some rules of settlement of buildings in the area were obtained. Final settlements, settlements at end of construction and the time of final settlement were discussed. Tests used for determining paramcters of four models were introduced. The parameters in Duncan-Chang model are determined from isotropic consolidation test and the parameters in Gong-Xiannan model from Ko consolidation tests while the parameters in the model proposedin chapter 2 from the equal increment stress ratio test and ones in the bounding surface model developed in chapter 3 from the effective stress-path of CIU test.

根据天津市区及塘沽新港地区的地基土质情况以及沉降观测资料，分析了该地区建筑物沉降的一些规律，讨论了最终沉降量，完工时的沉降量以及沉降稳定时所需要的时间，介绍了确定各模型参数所需要的试验：Duncan—Zhang模型参数根据等向固结的三轴试验确定；龚晓南Ko固结模型根据Ko固结三轴试验确定；本文建立的非线性弹性模型根据等向增量应力比试验确定，边界面模型参数可根据固结不排水剪切试验的有效应力路径确定。

But the bump resistance is quite small compared with the resistance of the metallization traces. Therefore, daisy-chain structure cannot detect the slight changes in microstructure in the solder joint.

在铝、铜等金属接点中，孔洞的成核与成长皆可利用电阻的变化来坐标定与观测，可是对焊锡接点而言，焊锡接点的电阻远较一般的金属导线与接点小，所以以往研究电迁移效应时所用的雏菊花环结构无法感测到焊锡电阻随微结构产生的微小变化。

Second, the data checking and correction process, to understand the various sources of measurement error, its three main areas: equipment error (determined by the instrument itself, is an objective source of error), observation error (due to the technical level personnel a result of belonging to a subjective source of error), external influence error (subject, such as temperature, atmospheric refraction effects of external factors such as these factors are also constantly changing and difficult to control, belonging to a variable source of error).

其次，在对数据的检查和矫正的过程中，明白了各种测量误差的来源，其主要有三个方面：仪器误差（仪器本身所决定，属客观误差来源）、观测误差（由于人员的技术水平而造成，属于主观误差来源）、外界影响误差（受到如温度、大气折射等外界因素的影响而这些因素又时时处于变动中而难以控制，属于可变动误差来源）。

The results are displayed vividly in virtual scene which is established with program language of Visual C++ and OpenGL. At present flow field simulation manner mostly has time delay, deficient controllability, so this paper brings forward the methods of drawing flow velocity vector graphics with OpenGL in the 3D virtual scene to simulate and analyze flow field. At the same time cross section and flood analysis are completed. Accordingly, it assists flood flow field visualization and provides the more effective analysis method for the flood mathematics model research and application.

针对目前流场模拟方式大多存在模拟时间滞后、缺乏可控性等问题，本文提出基于水力学模型计算得到的流速数据，在三维虚拟场景中利用OpenGL绘制洪水流速矢量图的方法进行流场动态模拟分析，在流速变化较大区域和需要重点观测区域，提取断面，分析断面和洪水淹没情况，从而解决洪水流场数值可视化的问题，为洪水数学模型的研究与应用提供更加直观有效的分析手段。

Based on minimum resolvable temperature difference channel width of thermal imaging systems and modulating transfer function channel width of photoelectronic imaging systems, a comparative research between the evaluation methods for the general performance of thermal imaging systems is studied through simulation and experiments for an actual thermal imaging system. Good agreement was drawn between the two methods for the general performance valuation of thermal imaging systems.

在最小可分率温差信道宽度的热成像和调制传递函数信道宽度的光电成像系统性能评价方法的基础上，通过实际热成像系统性能的理论模拟和实际观测试验，对比分析了两种方法对于评价热成像系统综合性能的一致性及系统主要参数变化对匹配效率的影响。

The model expanded the existing models simulating stomatal responses to environmental water status by incorporating the knowledge about the mechanisms of the action of radiation and temperature, and the interaction between them In this model, moreover, a representation of stomatal conductance as a function of stomatal geometry is used, where the water potential gradient within the leaf has been taken into account.

在不同环境因子的组合下模拟得到的结果与公认的实验观测基本一致。它可以作为研究气孔整体行为的理论框架，也可用于检验气孔运动的基本假设。第四章对Ball和Berry提出的气孔经验模型进行了分析和模拟检验。

The time space regularity of overlying strata movement and damage induced by coal mining was studied using the dynamic mechanics model. The developing regularty of faults and bed separation as well as surface subsidence caused by mining was analyzed based on the geological and mining conditions of working face 5306 in Xinglongzhuang Coal Mine. The data explaination using the model is more reasonable than that using other models. So it can be used in practical mining activities.

采用采动岩体动态力学模型，对采动引起的覆岩移动破坏的时空规律进行了研究，结合兴隆庄矿5306工作面的地质、开采条件，对采动引起的断裂带发育发展规律，岩体内部离层发生发展规律、地表下沉规律等问题进行了分析，并对观测结果作出了较以前的各种理论模型更为符合实际的解释，该模型可在实际工作中得到很好地应用。

The results from an example showed that the unbiased estimate of error variance could be obtained so that polygenic variance and polygenic heritability could not be underestimated. Moreover, the AIC values by using the average of two replications were less than that by using the observations of a replication.

在试验设计为重复内分组随机区组设计时，通过甘蓝型油菜初花期的遗传分析表明：这种方案的试验误差方差估计值无偏性好，可避免多基因方差和多基因遗传率被低估；重复观测值平均数的分离分析的AIC值低于利用单一重复资料的AIC值。

Observation about status of wind gap on coastal shore and comprehensive analysis on technology on location showed that the key technology of establishing protection forest in wind gap on coastal shore is adopting mature seedling of Casuarina equisetifolia with stronger resistance and grow faster.

通过对海岸风口沙地现状的观测和对该地段造林技术的综合分析表明：风口沙地营建防护林的关键是采用具有抗性强且又速生的木麻黄大苗，深穴整地，适时造林，放客土、施磷肥和建立有效的挡风屏障等综合配套技术，造林成活率可达到98。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！