可观测的

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

The simultaneous determination of refractive index and the wedge angle of an optical wedge plate is proposed.

光折变晶体是一种新型的记录材料，应用光折变效应，不需显影、定影等处理，就可实现实时观测。

The Chinese Arctic Research Expedition 1999 made an ozone observation program possible over the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean.

中国北极科学探测1999在北冰洋楚可奇海域成功的进行了大气臭氧观测。

Between those two slits there are 10 columniations which could indicate that the visual Sun moving from the one columniation to another is a solar term.

模拟观测结果表明，位于东南和东北的二狭缝可准确测定冬至和夏至日期，而此二狭缝之间有10个土柱，应象征着视太阳向北和向南每位移一个土柱为一个节气。

Even at daytime as sharp as Radian to the edges, image below 22 mm Leitz, but contrasty, comfortable with instadjust eyecup, better than 22 mm Panoptic even on 18 f/4.2 Starmaster, minor pincushion despite sharp view, no ghosting, a bit of kidney bean.

甚至在白天观测中边缘和RA一样锐利，成像弱于Leitz22，但对比和舒适性由于可调眼罩作用很好，在18 f/4.2 Starmaster上表现优于PO22。很微小的枕失，成像很锐，没有鬼影，有一点黑边。

The comparison between the obtained EC50 values and toxicity data from the literature points out the good agreement between the BOD bottle test (Raphidocelis su.) and those of nine widely used test methods, i.e., Fathead minnow, Vibrio fi., Microtox, Polytox, Spriotox, Shk1, Activated sludge, Daphina ma. and Tetrahymena. In this study, log Kow values of narcosis Ι compounds (using the BOD bottle test and nine bioassays) were reported.

实验中选定DO观测终点所求得的毒性数据与其他物种进行回归分析，回归结果则皆呈现高度相关（R2值≧0.84），这可推论出藻类与其他物种的分析方法（不含Nitrosomonas）的致毒机制有很高的相关性，且可知本试验方法不仅敏感性高且与其他的物种且有良好的相关性可做为替代性试验。

According to the different orientations of domain walls with respect to the (100) observation plane of a foil, 90°domain boundaries may be divided into two kinds. one is thin lens or ring shaped a-a 90°domain boundary, and the domain wall lies on the {110} plane; Usually, most of these domain boundaries are uncharged; according to the extinction rules for the (011) domain walls, the displacement vector 〓 along 〓 can be dertermined, which is parallel to the line of intersection between the domain wall and the plane consisting of spontaneous polarization vectors on both sides of domain boundary; from selected area electon diffraction of crystals including domain boundary, we not only examine slight difference in the crystal parts on both sides of the domain boundary, but also obtain crystallographic relationship between them, that is, there exists a 180°rotation symmetry operator along a normal of domain wall. The other is Z or ring shaped a-c 90°domain boundary along {010} direction, and the displacement vector 〓 runs along 〓 direction.

根据界面相对于样品中(100)观测面取向的不同，90°畴可分为两类：一类为薄透镜片状或环状的a-a90°畴，其界面平行于{110}，多数不带电，由消光规律可确定其位移矢量平行于畴界面与自发极化所在平面的交迹，即，〓方向，而从包含畴界的选区电子衍射图可知，这种不带电的90°畴界两侧存在微小的取向差，其界面两侧的结晶学关系为以界面法线为二次轴的旋转关系；另一类为Z状或环状的a-c90°畴，其界面平行于[010]或[001]，相应的位移矢量为〓方向。

The rainstorm process is a complex and stochastic multi-dimensional process.A correlation exists between the maximal annual period-storm and the rainfall duration,with overlooking many factors,the parameterwill not be a constant.Since 1980s,heavy rain and flood of small basins can be calculated by auto-recording rainfall observation system,and 20-year's self-recording rainfall data can improve the calculation accuraey.

暴雨过程是一个复杂的多维随机过程，年最大时段暴雨xt，p与暴雨历时t的暴雨公式属于经验相关关系，忽略了不少影响因素，因此，公式中参数n值不会是稳定不变的。20世纪80年代以后，随着自记雨量观测应用，到目前已经有20多年的资料系列，小流域暴雨设计的计算就可以直接利用时段实测降水资料系列进行计算，设计洪水时，可根据实测雨量时段资料，计算该设计流域的n值，可提高计算精度。

The maximum perturbation accelerations and their percentage contribution in the sum of all accelerations due to the lunisolar perturbations,Earth tides,ocean tides,atmospheric tides,pole tides,relativity effects,atmospheric drag and solar radiation pressure are computed on the basis of simulated orbit.

结果表明：①在1.0ⅹ10-9m/s2的非保守力测量精度内，除大气潮可忽略外，其余摄动必须考虑；②考虑GOCE预期定轨精度(3 cm)，在弧长小于2.0 h的短弧定轨中，固体极潮和大气潮的影响可忽略，在长弧定轨中，忽略任何一种保守力的轨道预报时间均不足0.5 d；③各种潮汐对重力梯度观测值的影响量级均小于GOCE预期的测量精度(3 mE)。

In the training of HMM, referring to the auxiliary function in reference〓, and the method in reference〓 to get the estimations of the parameters of Markov chain, we define the likelihood function and auxiliary function for the maximum likelihood estimation of CDHMM, and then induce systematically the forward-backward algorithm and the re-estimation formulas for parameters of CDHMM.

在HMM的建模方面，本文借鉴文献〓中求多变量观测值马尔可夫链参数时辅助函数的选取方法，定义了CDHMM的似然函数和辅助函数；借鉴文献〓中求解马尔可夫链参数时的求偏导方法，并针对本文辅助函数加以简化和改进，系统地推导了HMM的前向—后向算法，以及CDHMM各参数的极大似然估计公式。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。