可置换性

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The film of YTF-1 had advantages of coating transparency, removability, low-temperature adhesion, low temperature flexibility, high temperature flow, water immersion resistance and ultraviolet ray resistance.

研究结果表明：YTF-1防锈剂具有良好的可喷涂性、可渗透性和人造海水置换性，防锈剂膜层具有优良的透明性、可去除性、低温结合力、低温柔韧性、抗高温流动性、耐水性及抗紫外老化能力。

Applications;Cap gauges;Checks;Connectors;Contact pins;Design;Designations;Dimensions;Electric contacts;Electric lamps;Electrical engineering;Gauges;General lighting service lamps;Go-gauges;IEC;IEC cap gauges;IEC gauges;IEC holder gauges;IEC lamp caps;IEC lampholders;Illumination engineering;Insertion force;Inspection;Lamp caps;Lampholder gauges;Lampholders;Lamps;Lighting plants;Lighting systems;Measuring instruments;Minimum retention force;Motor vehicles;Multilingual;Non-interchangeability;Not-go gauges;Recordings;Replaceability;Retention force;Safety;Safety engineering;Testing;Tolerances;Use;Withdrawal force

中文主题词国际电工委员会；最小的保持力；非互换性；电灯；连接器；灯头量规；IEC灯头量规；IEC灯座；使用；应用；检验；检验；量规；安全工程；尺寸；记录；电气工程；照明系统；测量仪器；多语种的；照明工程；安全；IEC灯头；机动车；名称与符号；设计；灯座量规；照明设备；可置换性；普通照明灯；公差；过端量规；触针；灯座；IEC量规；保持力；拔出力；灯；IEC灯座量规；不过端量规；试验；电触点；插入力；灯头

In chapter 2, we investigate the structure of finite groups under the condition that all special subgroups are conjugate-permutable subgroups and obtain some sufficient conditions for solvability, Abelian property of finite groups.

第二章主要是利用一些特殊子群的共轭置换性得到了有限群成为可解群、交换群的一些充分条件，改进和推广了文[1]和[4]中的部分结果，有些结果是新的。

Orange is short of calcic disease lamina advocate fade is green near arteries and veins and Xie Yuan, fade green place produces withered spot to fall off after, vimineous top is down withered dead.

当土壤偏酸，或土壤中氮。钾。镁偏多时，都轻易造成土壤中缺钙。所以应适当施用石灰，可中和土壤中酸，提高置换性钙的含量和肥沃度，能减少缺钙症发生。

In different treatments there were significant differences in male sterility among INACs, of which I TA showed the highest rate of sterility and the best sterility stability under different conditions; meanwhile, altering nucleo cytoplasmic relationship by substitutional backcrosses could modify and improve male sterility of CMS lines.

结果表明，同核异质不育系不育度在年份间、播期间、实生稻与再生稻间差异极显著，不同细胞质不育系间差异显著，其中I特A在各种处理条件下均表现出最高的不育度和最好的不育稳定性。通过回交核置换技术培育新核质关系的同核异质不育系，可达到修饰改良育性的目的。

The new ideas from this paper: using mechanics principle study of soil, create a practical test to prove that it could change the physical mechanics character of base soil completely, reducing distortion, improving strength, and eliminating wet or sinking of base soil by seal extrusion during hole formation process at certain replacement rate; it could strengthen the loessial soil base to high bearing capacity to standard value of 300 to 400kPa through seal extrusion to hole formation technology together with rammed cement soil pile. Some value of the parameters adopted by bearing capacity calculation of the composite base of rammed cement soil pile with seal extrusion to hole formation exceeded the criteria of 'Technical Regulation on Building Ground Treatment'.(JGJ79-2002) This technology meet the design requirements and save investment.

本课题的创新点：1 利用土力学原理进行研究及理论推导，并经实践：证明了在置换率为某一定值的情况下，在成孔过程中通过挤密作用可以从根本上改变地基土的物理力学性质，使地基土的变形减小，强度提高，湿陷性消除；2 挤密成孔工艺与夯实水泥土桩的组合，可使低强度的湿陷性黄土地基变成高强度的复合地基，其承载力特征值可达 300~400kPa；3 挤密成孔法夯实水泥土桩复合地基承载力计算所采用的有关参数取值范围超出了《建筑地基处理技术规范》JGJ79-2002 中的有关规定；4 在节省投资的前提下，解决了地基高承载力、低变形及黄土湿陷性问题，达到了设计要求。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。