句法的

With respect to syntax, the roles of tagmeme in the structure of word and sentence and Chomsky's Generative-Transformational Grammar are discussed. The spatial relation theory and existing research achievements are investigated. Having noticed the shortage of the capability of topological and metrical relation in the description of spatial information structure, the author proposes Combinational Qualitative Geometry based on the two invariables under ordinary transformations, distance ratio and direction difference, the CQG-based spatial relation system between topological and metrical constraint is thus constructed, on which several spatial relations such as parallel, perpendicularity, co-linearity, sequence and direct neighborhood are derived. Based on extended theory of spatial relation, the language anamorphosis is analyzed from the aspects of phonetics, semantics and syntax. The mere geometric and formalized spatial relation is then integrated with concrete geographic ontology to accommodate richer and indicative spatial configuration of spatial information in the different geographic context. Finally a syntax framework for spatial information is put forward.

在语法结构方面，首先阐述了法位和法素在语法结构词法和句法中的地位和作用，以及Chomsky生成转换语法的核心内容；详细介绍了地理信息系统空间关系理论及现有的研究成果；在分析现有的拓扑关系和量度关系对空间信息结构描述能力不足的基础上，提出了基于长度比和角度差两个不变量的组合定性几何，以此建立了介于拓扑及量度约束之间的组合定性关系体系，并以此为基础派生出平行、垂直、共线、次序、直接邻近等空间关系描述；本文基于扩展的空间关系理论，详细讨论了空间关系在语音、语法和语义三个方面的语言变体，将纯几何和纯形式化的空间关系与具体的地理本体结合起来，可以获得更为丰富的、更能反映空间关系在不同语言上下文中具体体现的组合关系；最后给出了一个空间信息的语法结构的基本框架。

The conclusions are as follows:(1) Neologisms in each Huayu region can be classified into two major categories:self-originated and others-originated,among which the new-born words are "absolute new words" and the inherited word are "relative new words",and there are also others-originated elements in the morphemic and sense systems of new words;(2) Variation can be seen in the morpheme,formation,building and sense of new words in Huayu regions,besides individuals of new words;(3) Aggregation of current new words and compound words with one common morpheme and a same construction,together with the aggregation of synonyms and that of different senses in polysemies,reflect the relevance of the systems of new words in Huayu regions in their variation;(4) Regular participation of hinting sense of a formation element in forming and building new words is an important way of producing new sense of morpheme,and an important reason for the current emergence of words with more than one new senses;(5) Compared with ordinary words,the productivity of ways of word formation in forming new words both in general and of a particular class will change and new ways of word formation appear in Huayu regions;(6) The semantic collocation of the verbal morpheme of new verbs in a phrase has a great influence on the location of its structural center,and the complex syntactic behaviors of new verbs are related to the different processes of argument integration;(7) The processes of building new words with the same meaning differ in levels of approaches to motivation cognition,perspectives of motivation cognition,morpheme motivation and morpheme expression,etc.;(8) The lexical interaction in Huayu regions results in lexical subsystem intersections of current new words across two,three and four regions.

本文的主要结论是：(1)各华语区新词均可分为"自源新词"和"他源新词"两大类，其中的新生词和传承词分属"绝对新词"和"相对新词"，新词语的词素、词义系统中也含有他源成分；(2)除词语个体外，华语区新词在词素、构词、造词、词义等方面均体现了某种程度的变异：(3)通用词语聚合、同素同构词聚合、同义异形词聚合与一词多义聚合集中反映了各华语区新词语系统在变异中的关联；(4)构词单位经常提示词义参与构造新词是产生新语素义的重要途径，也是当代多新义词现象的重要成因；(5)相对于一般词语，构词方式在新词语中的总能产性和在某一词类中所体现的能产性都有所变化，华语区也产生了新的构词方式；(6)新动词的动素在短语中的语义搭配对结构核心的位置有很大影响，新动词的复杂句法表现与不同的论元整合过程有关；(7)同义新词造词过程的差异包括理据认知途径、理据认知角度、词素理据和词素表达等不同层面；(8)华语区的词汇互动形成了双区、三区和四区通用新词等词汇子系统交集，作为华语核心，普通话所含纳的通用词语多于各区域变体。

The conclusions are as follows:(1) Neologisms in each Huayu region can be classified into two major categories:self-originated and others-originated,among which the new-born words are "absolute new words" and the inherited word are "relative new words",and there are also others-originated elements in the morphemic and sense systems of new words;(2) Variation can be seen in the morpheme,formation,building and sense of new words in Huayu regions,besides individuals of new words;(3) Aggregation of current new words and compound words with one common morpheme and a same construction,together with the aggregation of synonyms and that of different senses in polysemies,reflect the relevance of the systems of new words in Huayu regions in their variation;(4) Regular participation of hinting sense of a formation element in forming and building new words is an important way of producing new sense of morpheme,and an important reason for the current emergence of words with more than one new senses;(5) Compared with ordinary words,the productivity of ways of word formation in forming new words both in general and of a particular class will change and new ways of word formation appear in Huayu regions;(6) The semantic collocation of the verbal morpheme of new verbs in a phrase has a great influence on the location of its structural center,and the complex syntactic behaviors of new verbs are related to the different processes of argument integration;(7) The processes of building new words with the same meaning differ in levels of approaches to motivation cognition,perspectives of motivation cognition,morpheme motivation and morpheme expression,etc.;(8) The lexical interaction in Huayu regions results in lexical subsystem intersections of current new words across two,three and four regions.

本文的主要结论是：(1)各华语区新词均可分为&自源新词&和&他源新词&两大类，其中的新生词和传承词分属&绝对新词&和&相对新词&，新词语的词素、词义系统中也含有他源成分；(2)除词语个体外，华语区新词在词素、构词、造词、词义等方面均体现了某种程度的变异：(3)通用词语聚合、同素同构词聚合、同义异形词聚合与一词多义聚合集中反映了各华语区新词语系统在变异中的关联；(4)构词单位经常提示词义参与构造新词是产生新语素义的重要途径，也是当代多新义词现象的重要成因；(5)相对于一般词语，构词方式在新词语中的总能产性和在某一词类中所体现的能产性都有所变化，华语区也产生了新的构词方式；(6)新动词的动素在短语中的语义搭配对结构核心的位置有很大影响，新动词的复杂句法表现与不同的论元整合过程有关；(7)同义新词造词过程的差异包括理据认知途径、理据认知角度、词素理据和词素表达等不同层面；(8)华语区的词汇互动形成了双区、三区和四区通用新词等词汇子系统交集，作为华语核心，普通话所含纳的通用词语多于各区域变体。

At the phonological level, foregrounding is fulfilled through the reoccurrence of the identical sound. Nonce-formations, abbreviations, blends and sense-shift attain lexical foregrounding, and the frequent use of the shorts words and numbers also functions. At the syntactic level, foregrounded features are embodied in the frequent use of active voice and quotations, and also the peculiar use of the tenses. Foregrounding at the semantic level principally turns up in the news headlines. It is the use of metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy and pun that helps to bring the potential of the linguistic elements into full play.

从语相层来看，体育新闻报道通过对标点符号的特殊使用、拼写的变异以及排版方式来实现前景化；从音位层来看，前景化靠对同一音素的复现来实现；从词汇层来看，新词的创造、词汇的缩略、混成及旧词新义等实现了对常规语言的偏离，此外，频繁使用短小词和数字也将报道推向前景；句法层上，体育新闻报道则通过对主动语态、引语等的频繁使用和时态的特殊用法来实现前景化；语义层的前景化主要集中在新闻标题中暗喻、提喻、转喻及双关等的使用。

I direct that all federal estate taxes and state inheritance or succession taxes payable upon or resulting from or by reason of my death (herein "Death Taxes") attributable to property which is part of the trust estate of the MICHAEL JACKSON FAMILY TRUST, including property which passes to said trust from my probate estate shall be paid by the Trustee of said trust in accordance with its terms.

本句长达68词，以极为正式的词句一气呵成。这样的句子完美的体现了考研翻译的出题特色。反复嵌套式的长难句极大范围的涵盖了英文中重要的词法和句法现象，进而在翻译中需要综合运用各种词句翻译技巧，从而达到对考生细致理解和准确翻译能力的考察。首先，我们应对本句进行成分划分：主句&I direct that…&由一个较长的宾语从句构成。

The results of the statistic analysis are as follows: 1 The intonation of interrogative sentence is expressed by the change of the pitch of the whole sentence rather than by the sentence final pitch alone; 2 The highest and lowest point of the tone nucleus and sentence final intonation in different interrogative sentences are higher than those of the declarative sentences; 3The difference between the questions in declarative word order and declarative sentence is larger than that between the other kinds of questions i.e.

统计分析的结果表明：(1)疑问语调不是仅仅由句末的音高来表现的，而是通过整句话的音高变化来实现的。(2)与陈述句相比，各种疑问句在语调上的共同特点是调核的调域和句末的调域都较高。(3)不带疑问结构的疑问句因为语调为其唯一的疑问标记，所以与陈述句的差异比带疑问词或疑问句法结构的疑问句与陈述句的差异更大。

He used to utilize concise language and plain poetic form: vocabulary in his poems is mainly informal, and most of them belong to monosyllables; on syntax, Frost mainly adopts normal, prosaic lingual orders and strict and orthodox grammars; on the poetic form, he often writes traditional blank verse, sonnet and pays more attention to the phonetic natural rhythm, lines' musical effect and the relations between sound and meaning, which form his unostentatious artistic style.

他的诗歌通常运用简洁凝炼的语言和平淡的诗歌形式：诗歌中出现的大多是口语化的词语，并且大多数词都属于单音节词；在句法方面，大多的句式采用的都是正常的、散文化的语序和严格正统的语法；在诗歌形式上，他主要使用无韵诗和104行诗，他也10分重视语音的自然节奏和诗句的音乐效果以及音与义之间的联系，从而形成质朴无华的艺术风格。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。