古生代的

In a conclusion, there were a considerable proportion of relict and remnant elements which can be traced back to Mesozoic, and even Paleozoic, as well as typical ancient endemism. All of these fully showed evolutionary conservatism and phylogenetic antiquity of the Alsophila spinulosa community during the process of vegetation evolution.

由此可见，桫椤群落区系组成与起源年代都十分古老；与桫椤伴生的成分中存在较大比例的中生代甚至古生代的古老遗存物种，也明显表现出其在植被进化中的保守性和种系发生的古老性。

1:250000 geological mapping has further revealed the mysteries of the tectonics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Altun Mountains are not of the Tarim massif, but a part of the Kunlun-Qilian-Qinling orogenic system; the Altun fault is a large transform fault; the Muztag-Maqên suture zone and Jinshajiang suture zone are both Variscan ones; the Songpan-Garzê area in the Triassic was a huge turbidite basin on the southern margin of Laurasia; the Gangdise belt underwent the important Indosinian orogenic movement; an ocean basin that persisted from the Paleozoic to Triassic did not exist, i.e. the so-called Paleo-Tethys or permanent Tethys was not in existence in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In the Paleozoic, most parts of China, including the Sino-Korean, Yangtze and Tarim massifs and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, were located in south of the main ocean basin—the Central Asian-Mongolian sea way—of the Paleo-Asia ocean, belonging to the northern margin of Gondwana. The Yarlung Zangbo and Bangong -Nujiang belts were twins in the Tethyan Ocean, which began to develop into two ocean rift belts in the Triassic. The Tethyan Ocean with the Yarlung Zangbo belt as the main ocean basin belt began to be subducted in the Late Triassic and experienced a process of pulsatory plate convergence orogeny including the Indosinian, Yanshanian and Himalayan stages.

1：25万地质填图进一步揭开了青藏高原地区大地构造的奥秘：阿尔金山是昆仑，祁连-秦岭造山系的一部分；阿尔金断裂确是一条大型转换断层；木孜塔格-玛沁缝合带和金沙江缝合带均是华力西缝合带；松潘甘孜三叠系沉积盆地是劳亚大陆南部边缘的浊积岩盆地；冈底斯带曾经历了重要的印支造山运动；不存在从古生代延续到三叠纪的大洋盆地，即不存在所谓古特提斯或永久特提斯；古生代时期，在青藏高原地区亦不存在具古生物，古地理分隔意义的大洋盆地，当时，包括中朝，扬子，塔里木以及青藏高原地区在内的中国大部分均位于古亚洲洋主洋盆——中亚-蒙古带之南，属冈瓦纳大陆结构复杂的北部边缘；雅鲁藏布江和班公湖-怒江带是特提斯洋中的孪生姊妹，它们均是从三叠纪起就发展成大洋裂谷带的；以雅鲁藏布江带为主洋盆带的特提斯洋，从三叠纪晚期开始消减，经历了印支，燕山，喜马拉雅3个阶段脉动式板块汇聚造山过程。

Paleozoic the first and oldest era in which multicellular life became abundant, about 590-230 million years ago.

古生代：在古生代最早和最晚的年代，生物种群丰富多彩，大约在5.9亿～2.3亿年前。

Four stages of granitoid plutonism took place in Precambrian, early Paleozoic （∈-D3）, late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic （D3-T3）, and late Mesozoic-Cenozoic, respectively.

该带内的花岗岩形成可以划分为4个时段，分别与4个造山旋回相对应：前寒武纪；早古生代；晚古生代—早中生代；晚中生代—新生代。

The Paleozoic tectonic stress field was reconstructed with the vertical stylolite structure found in the Ordovician and Carboniferous limestone. The identification of Paleozoic tectonic stress field showed that North China craton suffered the horizontal compression in the NNE-SSW direction and uplifted at the beginning of the Ordovician.

摘要利用奥陶系和石炭系灰岩地层中的垂直缝合线构造，对济阳坳陷古生代古构造应力场进行的判别结果表明，自奥陶纪开始华北克拉通盆地就受到NNE—SSW向的水平挤压而整体抬升，在遭受长达140Ma的剥蚀作用后，即至晚古生代古构造应力场仍未发生改变。

Based on the settings and geological and geochemical characteristics of granitoids of different orogenic belts (exemplified by orogenic granitoids in Altay, East Kunlun, Yanshan in North China, Northeast China and Nanling in South China), the relationships between granitoids and continental crustal growth are discussed, and five modes of continental crustal growth in the continent of China are proposed;they are as follows:(1)the Altay mode of continental growth is that the material and heat of the Paleozoic convertive mantle formed on the background of the Paleo-Asian Ocean were input into the Paleozoic continent and mixed with the materials of the upper crust;(2) the East Kunlun mode is that the basement of the Proterozoic orogenic belt was reworked by the heat input and materials of the Paleozoic-early Mesozoic convective mantle formed on the background of TTG continental crust of the Proterozoic orogenic belt;(3) the Northeast China style is that the Phanerozoic continental crust was reworked by the heat input and materials from the convective mantle formed on the background of the Yanshanian Central Asian orogenic belt;(4) the Yanshan mode is that the Archean basement was reworked by the heat input and materials from the Yanshanian convective mantle;and (5) the Nanling mode is that in South China what was input by the Yanshanian convective mantle into the continent was mainly heat and subordinately materials and the crustal material recycle was the dominant mode for the continental growth (showing zero continental growth).

根据不同造山带花岗岩的形成背景，地质地球化学特征差异，以阿尔泰，东昆仑，华北燕山，东北和南岭造山带花岗岩为例讨论花岗岩与大陆地壳生长的关系，区分出中国大陆的5种大陆地壳生长方式：阿尔泰式是古亚洲洋背景上形成的古生代对流地幔物质，热输入和上地壳混合为主的方式；东昆仑式是元古代造山带TTG陆壳背景基础上古生代—早中生代对流地幔物质和热输入，改造元古宙造山带基底的方式；东北式是燕山期中亚造山带背景上对流地幔物质和热输入改造显生宙陆壳的生长方式；燕山式是燕山期对流地幔物质和热输入改造太古宙基底的方式；南岭式燕山期对流地幔输入大陆的是以热为主，物质为辅，大陆地壳生长是以陆壳物质再循环为主的生长方式。

Hangjinqi area locates in the north of Yimeng in northern Ordos Basin. This area is an uplifted area from eopaleozoic era through early neopaleozoic era, and is characterized by complex local structures. The strata are controlled by palaeogeomorphology, leading to rapid lateral variations. Types of traps and their origins in this area were further complicated due to the restructure of Yanshan Movement.

杭锦旗地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部，从早古生代至晚古生代早期一直为隆起区，局部构造复杂，地层受古地貌的控制，横向变化大，后期受燕山期构造活动的改造，导致该区圈闭类型及成因复杂。

By comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of formation and reconstruction, six tectonic belts in the northeast part of Junggar basin were divided: marginal obduction zone in Early Paleozoic(O1-2)?melange mag-ma collision zone of late Paleozoic (D1), volcanic arc-compression zone of Late Paleozoic (D1), back-arc folded belt of Late Paleozoic (D2_3), marginal depression folded belt of Late Paleozoic (C1-P2) and foreland basin gentle anticline belt of Mesozioc era, etc.

通过&建造&与&改造&特征的综合分析，划分了准噶尔盆地东北缘的构造带：早古生代（1－2）陆缘逆冲带；晚古生代（D1）混杂岩浆碰撞带；晚古生代（D1）火山岩浆岛弧挤带；晚古生代（D2－3）弧后盆地褶皱带；晚古生代（C1－P2）陆缘盆地褶皱带以及中生代前陆盆地平缓背斜带等6个构造带。

According to these, we can realize tectonic control, palaeogeographic pattern as well as palaeobiogeographic distribution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the early Paleozoic and also provided the materials to the cosmepolitical biostratigraphic contrast.

新建下奥陶统扎扛组和他多组，完善了藏北地区早古生代地层序列，为研究青藏高原在古生代早期的构造活动、演化、古地理分布格局及古生物地理区划提供了资料，也为世界性生物地层划分对比提供了依据。

In order to discover more large oil and gas fields, this study discusses how the hydrocarbon distribution is related to the accumulation features of paleokarst from many aspects such as Palaeozoic tectonic evolution, periods of welldeveloped paleokarst, features of paleokarst, origins of paleokarst, features of reservoir space and oil or gas traps of paleokarst, and so on.

为了在我国古生代碳酸盐岩中发现更多、更大的油气田，从古生代构造演化、古岩溶发育期次、古岩溶特征、古岩溶成因、古岩溶储集特征及控油气作用等方面，并以塔里木盆地为例论述了中国古生代海相碳酸盐岩古岩溶储集特征与油气分布。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。