古新世纪

In the most general terms Ars Nova is used as a synonym for'14 th-century polyphony'just as Ars Antiqua stands for'13 th-century polyphony'.

一般而言，"新艺术"被认为是十四世纪复调音乐的同义词，正如"古艺术"代表"十三世纪复调"一样。

Several early 14th-century theorists referred to the idea of an Ars Antiqua, represented primarily by Franco, and an Ars Nova instituted by Philippe de Vitry(see, for instance, CoussemakerS, iii, 371,408),but in historical terms the usefulness of the idea is supported more by the treatise Ars novae musicae(c1320)of Johannes de Muris, the 1324-5bull lf Pope John XXII decrying the musicians who were 'novellae scholae discipuli' and the reference in Jacobus of Liege's Speculum musice to 'moderni cantores' and to'aliquinunc novi'.

一些十四世纪早期的理论家已经谈到以弗朗科为首要代表的古艺术的观念，新艺术是由维特利建立起来的，但从历史角度来看，这一观念的实用价值更多是由穆里斯的论文《新音乐艺术》、1324-1325年教皇若望二十二世贬斥那些"信奉新学派"的音乐家们的训令，以及列日的雅各布的《音乐明鉴》中所提到的"当代歌手"和"一些现在的认识"支撑着。

As we all known, with the founding of Euclidean geometry in ancient Greece, with the development of analytic geometry and other kinds of geometries, with F.Kline" s Erlanger program in 1872 and the new developments of geometry in 20th century such as topology and so on, man has developed their understand of geometry. On the other hand, Euclid formed geometry as a deductive system by using axiomatic theory for the first time. The content and method of geometry have dramatically changed, but the geometry curriculum has not changed correspondingly until the first strike from Kline and Perry" s appealing.

纵观几何学发展的历史，可以称得上波澜壮阔：一方面，从古希腊时代的欧氏综合几何，到近代解析几何等多种几何的发展，以及用变换的方法处理几何的埃尔朗根纲领，到20世纪拓扑学、高维空间理论等几何学的新发展，这一切都在不断丰富人们对几何学的认识；另一方面，从欧几里得第一次使用公理化方法把几何学组织成一个逻辑演绎体系，到罗巴切夫斯基非欧几何的发现，以及希尔伯特形式公理体系的建立，极大地发展了公理化思想方法，不管是几何学的内容还是方法都发生了质的飞跃。

It is the most characteristic and emblematical art form of expression.Austria famouse artist Gustav Klimt is the symbolism master of painting in 20th Century and the representative of Art Nouveau in Europe.His paintings possess the general symbolism painting's philosophic character and have rich oriental decorative meaning.

奥地利著名画家古斯塔夫·克里姆特是20世纪象征主义的绘画大师，是欧洲新艺术运动的代表，他的绘画作品既具有一般象征主义绘画内容上的哲理性，又具有丰富的东方装饰意味，他的这种独特表现形势，获得了与其他画家截然不同的表现效果。

It may furthermore be assumed that the speculative philosophy of Provence, like German mysticism, originated in Babylon: Neoplatonism, reaching there its highest development in the eighth and ninth centuries, could not but influence Jewish thought.

它可能还假定该思辨哲学的普罗旺斯一样，德国神秘主义，起源於古巴比伦：新柏拉图主义，有其深远的发展中最高的第八和第九世纪，不能不影响犹太思想。

In 5 century B.C., ancient Grecian historian Thucydides had ever described this case . In the early 1950's, American and Britain scholars John Herz and Herbert Butterfield formally put forward this concept. Because of the cold war between America and Soviet, at the same time, realism and neorealism lying in the leading position of international relations theory academia, security dilemma plays eminent role in interstate relations after World War Two.

早在公元前5世纪古希腊历史学家修昔底德就对这一情形有所描述。20世纪50年代初，美英学者赫兹和巴特菲尔德正式提出这一概念，由于美苏两个超级大国爆发冷战、对峙乃至军备竞赛，以及现实主义和新现实主义在国际关系理论界居主导地位，"安全困境"在战后国际关系中发挥着显赫的作用。

The genius of ancient Greek geometry not only stands the test of time (Pythagoras's theorem is as valid now as when it was first proved); its discoveries can suddenly find new applications in the 21st century.

古希腊的几何学天才们不仅仅经受住了时间的考验（毕达哥拉斯的定理在今天就如同它刚被证明时一样有效），并且他们的发现将会在21世纪找到新的用途。

Several early 14th-century theorists referred to the idea of an Ars Antiqua, represented primarily by Franco, and an Ars Nova instituted by Philippe de Vitry(see, for instance, CoussemakerS, iii, 371,408),but in historical terms the usefulness of the idea is supported more by the treatise Ars novae musicae(c1320)of Johannes de Muris, the 1324-5bull lf Pope John XXII decrying the musicians who were 'novellae scholae discipuli' and the reference in Jacobus of Liege's Speculum musice to 'moderni cantores' and to'aliquinunc novi'.

一些十四世纪早期的理论家已经谈到以弗朗科为首要代表的古艺术的观念，新艺术是由维特利建立起来的，但从历史角度来看，这一观念的实用价值更多是由穆里斯的论文《新音乐艺术》、1324-1325年教皇若望二十二世贬斥那些&信奉新学派&的音乐家们的训令，以及列日的雅各布的《音乐明鉴》中所提到的&当代歌手&和&一些现在的认识&支撑着。

Within the direct Western tradition, the earliest movement motivated by a neoclassical inspiration is a Roman style that was first distinguished by the German art historian Friedrich Hauser (Die Neuattische Reliefs Stuttgart 1889), who identified the style-category he called "Neo-Attic" among sculpture produced in later Hellenistic circles during the last century or so BCE and in Imperial Rome; the corpus that Hauser called "Neo-Attic" consists of bas reliefs molded on decorative vessels and plaques, employing a figural and drapery style that looked for its canon of "classic" models to late 5th and early 4th century Athens and Attica.

在直接的西方传统，最早的运动动机是新古典灵感是一个古罗马风格，最早是由德国杰出的艺术历史学家弗里德里希豪瑟（模具Neuattische救济斯图加特1889年），确定谁的风格类他称之为&新阁楼&除雕塑制作后来希腊各界在过去的世纪左右，在公元前罗马帝国；主体的豪瑟所谓&新阁楼&由浅浮雕成型装饰船只和斑块，雇用人物和布料风格，寻找其佳能的&经典&模式，以已故第五和第四世纪初雅典和阿提卡。

For example: i n the 1950s and 1960s, is "Muqam Ejdadleri","Ghrip and Senem","Red Lamp Story", in the 1990's, changes drama is "A Servant Two Masters","Huo Lang and Lady","The Taming of the Shrew", in the 1990's is "The Old Man's Story" and famous drama of the well-known in great river north and south "On the Tip of Visitors".

如，上个世纪五六十年代上演的维吾尔剧《木卡姆先驱》、《艾力甫与赛乃木》、《古兰木罕》以及轰动全国的《红灯记》等；九十年代的改变剧《一仆二主》、《货郎与小姐》、《驯悍记》等；九十年代的《老小伙子的故事》以及新世纪享誉大江南北的优秀剧目《冰山上来客》。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。