古新世

Our project is the first one in China that focus on the suoids, which discuss about all the known suoid fossils found from Eocene to Pliocene in China. The origination, evolution, paleoecology and paleogeography are the key topics in the project, and thus the project is a compositive study of Chinese fossil suoids.

本项目是国内首个以猪形类为内容的专题研究，涉及了我国境内从晚始新世到上新世发现的几乎所有重要的猪形类化石，涉及到猪形类的起源、进化、生态、古地理等方面的研究，是对中国猪形类较为全面系统的综合性研究。

Level of vast lakes had been base surface for incision in Early Miocene from (24.1±0.6)Ma to(14.5±0.5) Ma, and lakes and top lacustrine deposits of Wudaoliang Group became base surface for erosion and peneplanation since Late Miocene, which formed planation surface or peneplain of the Tibetan Plateau.

中新世早期(24.1±0.6~(14.5±0.5Ma)以古大湖的湖面为侵蚀基准面，经过隆起区剥蚀夷平和长期湖相沉积，在高海拔环境下形成早期夷平面。

Base on above studies, some conclusions were obtained as follows:(1) ore-forming background of the studied ferromanganese crusts are mainly controlled by intensity of Antarctic Bottom Waters and variations of material source;(2) it is confirmed that the ferromanganese crusts are mainly hydrogenetic and their composition are affected by volcanic and continental material simultaneously; there are no obvious phosphatization reconstruction and element reaction occurred in them, so they have important paleoceanological significance;(3) from researches on element occurrence modes in the new-type ferromanganese crusts and the lying sediments, it is proposed that there is no great biological affection on the crusts formation and their composition mainly came from the adsorptive action of the ferromanganese oxides in them;(4) two major types of ore-controlling factors are identified through compilation of ore-controlling factors, which are geological and oceanic factors;(5) considering the long-term variation trends of the crusts composition, combing the U-series and 10Be isotope dating results, it is proposed that the ore-forming processes of ferromanganese crusts in the studied areas can be divided into three major stages (5.6~2.8 Ma, 2.8~2.7 Ma and since 2.7 Ma), and then the activities of AABW since the Late Miocene, changes of input flux coming from volcanic and continental material are confirmed.

通过研究，得出如下结论：(1)研究区铁锰结壳的成矿背景主要受控于南极底流强弱及物源供给的变化；(2)证实铁锰结壳主要为水成成因，同时其物质组成也受一定程度的火山和陆源物质的影响；结壳自形成以来没有遭受到明显的磷酸盐化等成岩后期改造和元素再迁移，具有重要的古海洋学意义；(3)通过新型铁锰结壳及下伏沉积物元素赋存状态的研究，认为生物作用对研究区结壳的形成并没有很大的直接影响，其物质成分主要来自于结壳中铁锰氧化物的吸附作用；(4)在控矿要素的研究中，归纳出了地质与海洋两大类结壳控矿要素；(5)根据结壳成分长周期变化趋势，结合铀系和10Be测年结果，将研究区结壳的形成过程划分为三个主要阶段(5.6~2.8 Ma，2.8~2.7 Ma和2.7 Ma以来)，并确定了晚中新世以来研究区南极底流的活动情况、火山和大陆来源物质输入量的变化。

Of the five stages deformation, the exact ages of the (2) and (3) were determined by 40Ar/39Ar method as 290 and 259 Ma respectively.2. New results on the metamorphic belts and associated metamorphism of the Xiaopu metamorphic rocksBased on detailed microtextural observations and occurrence of typical metamorphic minerals, five metamorphic belts in the Xiaopu metamorphic rocks are identified. From the north to the south, they are biotite belt, garnet belt, staurolite belt, andalusite belt, and sillimanite belt. I suggested that the metamorphic belts occurred in the Xiaopu area belongs to the high temperature/low pressure series, may have resulted from the later Permian crust extension at ca. 290 Ma.3. I suggest that there may have been a Carboniferous backarc basin along the southern slope of the Harlik Mountain.Detrital Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating indicated that the sedimentary age of the Julideneng formation lithic sandstone must be later than late Devonian, most likely is Carboniferous rather than previously thought Precambrian. Analyses on its geologic setting, location of provenance, and sedimentary environment suggest the Carboniferous strata may form in a lagged backarc basin bounded by backarc uplifts.5. Reconstruction of the post-Paleozoic tectonic evolution history of the Harlik MountainThe tectonic evolution of Harlik mountains since the Paleozoic were reconstructed as followings:(1) arc-affinity magmative activities occurred during the middle-Ordovician to early-Silurian;(2) the middle-Silurian to late-Devonian was a back-arc uplift stage;(3) back-arc extension featured the Carboniferous period;(4) post-collisional extension and/then compression during Permian;(5) at the Mesozoic, differential uplift developed; and (6) the late Cenozoic is the intra-continental re-orogen stage.6. Primary estimation of the crust shortening is madeThe folded pre-Mesozoic strata were used to estimate crust shortening along the Harliknanshankou-Koumenzi, Shichengzi-Baishitou, and Qincheng-Xiaopu sections. Their shortening ratios are 16.2%, 19.8%, and 20.1% respectively corresponding crust shortening are 4.3, 9, and 11.3 km.

根据Ar-Ar热年代学研究，精确测定了早二叠世伸展变形和晚二叠世挤压变形的峰期时代分别为290Ma和259Ma.2、提出了关于哈尔里克山南麓小铺一带变质带和变质作用的新认识根据显微观察资料和特征变质矿物的出现，把小铺一带的变质岩由SW向NE方向依次划分为黑云母带、石榴石带、十字石带、红柱石带和矽线石带等变质带；初步确定该区的变质作用属于中温-低压型，变质作用发生的时代为290Ma左右，是该区早二叠世地壳伸展的产物。3、首次提出哈尔里克山南麓在石炭纪可能发育弧后盆地的新观点根据哈尔里克山南麓原"居里得能组"岩屑砂岩的碎屑锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年，确认这套地层的沉积不早于晚泥盆世，很可能是石炭纪，而不是前人所说的前寒武纪；结合对其区域地质背景、源区位置和沉积环境分析，推测该区石炭纪可能为滞后弧后盆地和弧后隆起区构造背景。4、进一步证明哈尔里克山不发育与岛弧演化相关的泥盆纪岩浆活动根据对代表性闪长岩和花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP年代学研究获得的新资料，结合该区已有相关资料的综合研究，确定哈尔里克山岩浆岩分别形成于奥陶纪-志留纪和石炭纪晚期-二叠纪，不存在泥盆纪的岩浆岩，进而认为该区泥盆纪不属于岛弧环境。5、重建了哈尔里克山古生代以来的地质演化过程根据区域资料以及本次研究所获得的资料，把哈尔里克山古生代以来的构造演化划分中奥陶世-早志留世为岛弧、中志留世-晚泥盆世为弧后区、石炭纪弧后伸展、二叠纪为后碰撞伸展与挤压、中生代差异隆升和晚新生代陆内再造山过程等构造阶段。6、初步估算了哈尔里克山地壳缩短率和缩短量根据前中生代地层褶皱估算的哈尔里克山南山口-口门子、石城子-白石头和沁城-小铺三条剖面的地壳缩短率分别为16.2%、19.8%和20.1%，相应的地壳缩短量分别为4.3km、9km和11.3km。

A good many mico-landblock of the early Neoproterozoic-Cambrian volcanic rock that distribute in the Tianshan orogenic belt and on its both sides, and the Carboniferous-Permian volcanic rocks that widely distribute in the Tianshan and adjacent regions are selected for subject investigating in this paper. Renewing the ocean-land format and ocean-land conversion process of Tianshan orogenic belt in the Paleozoic is the masterstroke for this paper. On the basis of detailed field investigation, many subjects, such asregional lithology、geochemistry、structural geology、volcanic sedimentology geology、sotope geochronology and synthesis analysis study of geophysics data, are adopted as instrumentality in the paper, this study lays emphasis on the formation, evolution and dynamics of early Neoproterozoic-Cambrian and Carboniferous-Permian volcanic rock in the Tianshan and its adjacent regions to find out Carboniferous-Permian volcanic rock property, eruptive sequence, time and space distribution characteristics, to resume and reconstruct evolution process of Carboniferous-Permian volcanic rock, and to explore connection of magmatism process and lithosphere stretching action of neopaleozoic ocean-land transformation in the Tianshan region.

本文选择分布于天山及其两侧的诸多微陆块上新元古代—早寒武世火山岩和天山地区广泛发育的石炭纪—早二叠世火山岩为研究对象，以恢复重建天山造山带古生代洋陆格局和洋陆转换过程为主线，在详细的野外工作基础上，综合运用区域岩石学、地球化学、构造地质学、火山沉积学、同位素地质年代学、区域地球物理资料综合分析研究等多学科手段，重点研究天山及其邻区新元代—早寒武世和石炭—二迭纪火山岩系的形成演化及其动力学，查明天山石炭纪火山岩系的性质、喷发序列、时空分布特点，恢复重建其形成演化过程，探索天山地区晚古生代洋陆转换过程中火山岩浆作用与岩石圈拉伸作用的关系。

New data reveal that the age of the so-called Gigantopteris Coal Series indifferent places of South China is not exactly the same and ranges from the late LowerPermian to the close of the epoch,while several elements of the Gigantopteris-Flora,such as Gigantopteris,Pecopteris,Annularia,Lobatannularia and Paracalamites mays...

新的资料证实，这一含煤地层的时代在各地不尽相同，它起自早二叠世晚期——茅口期并一直延续至二叠纪末。对二叠纪古气候所作的概略分析表明，整个二叠纪在华南都是成煤期，只要古地理条件有利，在早二叠世的栖霞期和茅口期以及晚二叠世的龙潭期和长兴期都可以生成煤层。

Nannoplankton Extinction and Origination Across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum - Rare plankton became extinct when atmospheric CO2 levels rose abruptly 50 million years ago, whereas those sensitive to ocean acidification caused by the rise survived.

全国首创超微化石及古灭绝-始新世最大热-绝种稀有浮游生物成了当大气二氧化碳水平崛起50000000年前而海洋酸化敏感所致崛起survived.authors：萨j。

Paleogeographic analysis shows that the areas of Xisha uplift and Beijiao were located in tropical offshore and neritic environment, and had very few terrigenous supply in the Miocene Meishan period, which favored the development of reef.

古地理分析认为，中新世西沙隆起区与北礁地区处于滨、浅海沉积环境，梅山组时期的陆缘碎屑供给量比较少，适于生物礁发育。

We compared three competing hypotheses which maintained that euprimates originated in Africa, the India subcontinent, or East Asia. Combined the recent achievements on the mammalian fauna exchanges during early Eocene between Europe and Africa, Europe and Asia, and Asia and India subcontinent, the paleogeographic models of around Turgai Strait, the new dating results of the collision between Indian subcontinent and Asia, and the phylogenetic analysis of euprimate, we suggested that the Asian-origin hypothesis of euprimates are more reliable.

全面对比了真灵长类动物亚洲起源说、非洲起源说和印度次大陆起源说，结合前人有关欧洲与非洲之间、欧洲与亚洲之间、亚洲与印度次大陆之间早始新世时的动物群交流的研究，以及有关图尔盖海峡古地理、印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞时间的研究成果，在真灵长类动物分支系统分析的基础上，提出真灵长类动物亚洲起源说是目前获得支持证据最多的假说。

Of the five stages deformation, the exact ages of the (2) and (3) were determined by 40Ar/39Ar method as 290 and 259 Ma respectively.2. New results on the metamorphic belts and associated metamorphism of the Xiaopu metamorphic rocksBased on detailed microtextural observations and occurrence of typical metamorphic minerals, five metamorphic belts in the Xiaopu metamorphic rocks are identified. From the north to the south, they are biotite belt, garnet belt, staurolite belt, andalusite belt, and sillimanite belt. I suggested that the metamorphic belts occurred in the Xiaopu area belongs to the high temperature/low pressure series, may have resulted from the later Permian crust extension at ca. 290 Ma.3. I suggest that there may have been a Carboniferous backarc basin along the southern slope of the Harlik Mountain.Detrital Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating indicated that the sedimentary age of the Julideneng formation lithic sandstone must be later than late Devonian, most likely is Carboniferous rather than previously thought Precambrian. Analyses on its geologic setting, location of provenance, and sedimentary environment suggest the Carboniferous strata may form in a lagged backarc basin bounded by backarc uplifts.5. Reconstruction of the post-Paleozoic tectonic evolution history of the Harlik MountainThe tectonic evolution of Harlik mountains since the Paleozoic were reconstructed as followings:(1) arc-affinity magmative activities occurred during the middle-Ordovician to early-Silurian;(2) the middle-Silurian to late-Devonian was a back-arc uplift stage;(3) back-arc extension featured the Carboniferous period;(4) post-collisional extension and/then compression during Permian;(5) at the Mesozoic, differential uplift developed; and (6) the late Cenozoic is the intra-continental re-orogen stage.6. Primary estimation of the crust shortening is madeThe folded pre-Mesozoic strata were used to estimate crust shortening along the Harliknanshankou-Koumenzi, Shichengzi-Baishitou, and Qincheng-Xiaopu sections. Their shortening ratios are 16.2%, 19.8%, and 20.1% respectively corresponding crust shortening are 4.3, 9, and 11.3 km.

根据Ar-Ar热年代学研究，精确测定了早二叠世伸展变形和晚二叠世挤压变形的峰期时代分别为290Ma和259Ma.2、提出了关于哈尔里克山南麓小铺一带变质带和变质作用的新认识根据显微观察资料和特征变质矿物的出现，把小铺一带的变质岩由SW向NE方向依次划分为黑云母带、石榴石带、十字石带、红柱石带和矽线石带等变质带；初步确定该区的变质作用属于中温-低压型，变质作用发生的时代为290Ma左右，是该区早二叠世地壳伸展的产物。3、首次提出哈尔里克山南麓在石炭纪可能发育弧后盆地的新观点根据哈尔里克山南麓原&居里得能组&岩屑砂岩的碎屑锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年，确认这套地层的沉积不早于晚泥盆世，很可能是石炭纪，而不是前人所说的前寒武纪；结合对其区域地质背景、源区位置和沉积环境分析，推测该区石炭纪可能为滞后弧后盆地和弧后隆起区构造背景。4、进一步证明哈尔里克山不发育与岛弧演化相关的泥盆纪岩浆活动根据对代表性闪长岩和花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP年代学研究获得的新资料，结合该区已有相关资料的综合研究，确定哈尔里克山岩浆岩分别形成于奥陶纪-志留纪和石炭纪晚期-二叠纪，不存在泥盆纪的岩浆岩，进而认为该区泥盆纪不属于岛弧环境。5、重建了哈尔里克山古生代以来的地质演化过程根据区域资料以及本次研究所获得的资料，把哈尔里克山古生代以来的构造演化划分中奥陶世-早志留世为岛弧、中志留世-晚泥盆世为弧后区、石炭纪弧后伸展、二叠纪为后碰撞伸展与挤压、中生代差异隆升和晚新生代陆内再造山过程等构造阶段。6、初步估算了哈尔里克山地壳缩短率和缩短量根据前中生代地层褶皱估算的哈尔里克山南山口-口门子、石城子-白石头和沁城-小铺三条剖面的地壳缩短率分别为16.2%、19.8%和20.1%，相应的地壳缩短量分别为4.3km、9km和11.3km。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。