古代的

In Chinese antiquity country, had two important public, one is drama st age, the other is family shrine, one place is use of acting, the other is use of offering ancestral memorial tablet, even common people's weddings and funerals cannot leave the drama, so that the Chinese drama is strong、full of histrionic 、sorrowful and exultancy、mundane.

在古代的中国乡村，有两个重要的公共场所，一个是戏台，一个是家庙，一个就是演戏唱戏的地方，一个是供放祖先牌位的地方，甚至老百姓的红白喜事都离不开戏剧，所以中国的戏剧是浓烈的、充满戏剧性、大悲大喜的、又是世俗的。

All who have acquaintance with the dead know the curious smile that may creep over the human face ms rigor mortis sets in,4 a smile of special quality called by doctors risus sardonicus.5 The dog had this look, and it seemed to me probable that some ancient Oriental sculptor, in seeking an expression for temple guardians that would drive off evil spirits, had taken this death grin .s his model, and thus it had come down through hundreds of years to this beast looking out on Hiroshima.

见过死人的人肯定记得尸僵来临时，死者的脸上会隐隐现出一种奇特的笑容，医生把这种笑容称作"痉笑"。石狗脸上挂的正是这种表情。依我想来，某位古代的东方雕刻家大概就是以这种死亡微笑为蓝本来给寺庙的门神刻画一副足以驱邪避凶的神态的。于是，这种表情便流传了下来，历经数百年而不消；如今它又攀附在一只石狗的脸上，凝望着这废墟中的广岛。

In the mean-while all the shore rang with the trump of bullfrogs, the sturdy spirits of ancient wine-bibbers and wassailers, still unrepentant, trying to sing a catch in their Stygian lake —— if the Walden nymphs will pardon the comparison, for though there are almost no weeds, there are frogs there —— who would fain keep up the hilarious rules of their old festal tables, though their voices have waxed hoarse and solemnly grave, mocking at mirth, and the wine has lost its flavor,and become only liquor to distend their paunches, and sweet intoxication never comes to drown the memory of the past, but mere saturation and waterloggedness and distention.

同时，湖滨震荡着青蛙叫声，古代的醉鬼和宴饮者的顽固的精灵，依然不知悔过，要在他们那像冥河似的湖上唱轮唱歌，请瓦尔登湖的水妖原谅我作这样的譬喻，因为湖上虽没有芦苇，青蛙却是很多的，——它们还乐于遵循它们那古老宴席上那种嚣闹的规律，虽然它们的喉咙已经沙哑了，而且庄重起来了，它们在嘲笑欢乐，酒也失去了香味，只变成了用来灌饱它们肚子的料酒，而醺醺然的醉意再也不来淹没它们过去的回忆，它们只觉得喝饱了，肚子里水很沉重，只觉得发胀。

No hungry generations tread thee down; The voice I hear this passing night was heard In ancient days by emperor and clown; Perhaps the self-same song that found a path Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home, She stood in tears amid the alien corn; The same that oft-times hath Charm'd magic casements, opening on the foam Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.

永生的鸟呵，你不会死去！饥饿的世代无法将你蹂躏；今夜，我偶然听到的歌曲曾使古代的帝王和村夫喜悦；或许这同样的歌也曾激荡露丝忧郁的心，使她不禁落泪，站在异邦的谷田里想着家；就是这声音常常在失掉了的仙域里引动窗扉：一个美女望着大海险恶的浪花。

It is present not only in the three"golden ages",but also in almost all the formations of societies,and it formes important bases for these formations of societies;but the small\|scale farming has never become a leading mode of production in any society because of its decentralization and weakness.

其原文是：&大体说来，亚细亚的、古代的、封建的和现代资产阶级的生产方式可以看做是社会经济形态演进的几个时代。&1在研究中，我注意到，此论断中的关键词&看做&，原文&bezeichnet&的主要意思是&标志&、&标明&，&看做&乃是它的基本含义的引伸。

Since he claimed to be a restorer of the ancient, pure religion revealed to Abraham, he connected his teaching with that of the Holy Scriptures of the Jews and Christians, of whose contents, however, he had in many particulars only a very imperfect knowledge-his teachers having been monks or half-educated Jews-and this knowledge he often repeated in a confused and perverted fashion.

由於他自称是恢复古代的，纯粹的宗教亚伯拉罕透露，他与他的教学与圣经的犹太人和基督徒，他们的内容，然而，他在许多细节只有极不完善的知识他的老师了僧侣或半受过教育的犹太人和这方面的知识，他经常反复的混乱和扭曲的时尚。

Rawls sublated the ancient theory of ""merits"" and the modern theory of ""rights"", put forward a theory of pure procedural background justice, which emphasizes that distribution should be made based on a citizen's needs for his development as a free and equal citizen. In his theory, he identified three methods of constructing theory of distributive justice.

在分配正义理论本身的发展中，罗尔斯扬弃了古代的&德性论&的分配正义观与近代的&权利论&的分配正义观，提出了纯粹程序背景正义的分配正义观，强调从每个人的自由平等的发展之需要的角度着眼，解决分配正义问题。

Rawls sublated the ancient theory of "merits" and the modern theory of "rights", put forward a theory of pure procedural background justice, which emphasizes that distribution should be made based on a citizens needs for his development as a free and equal citizen.In his theory, he identified three methods of constructing theory of distributive justice.

在分配正义理论本身的发展中，罗尔斯扬弃了古代的&德性论&的分配正义观与近代的&权利论&的分配正义观，提出了纯粹程序背景正义的分配正义观，强调从每个人的自由平等的发展之需要的角度着眼，解决分配正义问题。

All who have acquaintance with the dead know the curious smile that may creep over the human face ms rigor mortis sets in,4 a smile of special quality called by doctors risus sardonicus.5 The dog had this look, and it seemed to me probable that some ancient Oriental sculptor, in seeking an expression for temple guardians that would drive off evil spirits, had taken this death grin .s his model, and thus it had come down through hundreds of years to this beast looking out on Hiroshima.

见过死人的人肯定记得尸僵来临时，死者的脸上会隐隐现出一种奇特的笑容，医生把这种笑容称作&痉笑&。石狗脸上挂的正是这种表情。依我想来，某位古代的东方雕刻家大概就是以这种死亡微笑为蓝本来给寺庙的门神刻画一副足以驱邪避凶的神态的。于是，这种表情便流传了下来，历经数百年而不消；如今它又攀附在一只石狗的脸上，凝望着这废墟中的广岛。

It is a universal language, based on this kind of understanding, Rock Painting for the consideration and analysis should not be limited to painting their artistic discussion, Also through the remains of their form and contents of the relevant screen Review, to discover and study how ancient people take advantage of such a unique "language" to convey their subjective and objective understanding of the world. and the people in the form of rock paintings by the performance of all activities and the spirit of all material relationships between activities.

它是一种普遍性的语言，基于这样一种理解，我们对岩画的考虑和分析就不应仅限于对其绘画艺术性的讨论，还在于通过对其遗存形式和画面内容的关察、去发现和研究古代的人们如何借助这种独特的&语言&传达他们对主、客观世界的认识，以及人们在岩画形式中所表现的一切精神活动与一切物质活动之间的关系。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷