古代存在的

On one hand, aims at eliminating the wrong ideas on the origin of china crime prevention, wanting to point out that the ideas on crime prevention has long been existing, even the sprout of it can be dated back to as early as yao and shun periods in the primitive society . On the other hand, trying to find out its process of emerging and developing vertically, in order to expound its basic features and broad containing, and then, in a further sense, pointing out that the sprout and development of them has great effect on the late period, in addition to that society eventually. Theres much in their ideas that we can make use of today.

一方面，意在消除长期以来法史学界对中国古代预防犯罪思想起源的误解，指出早在距今约4000多年前原始社会末期的唐尧虞舜时代，就已经有关于预防犯罪的思想萌芽存在；另一方面，力求纵向探索先秦预防犯罪思想的发生、发展与嬗变历程，阐述其基本特色，揭示其丰厚内涵，并进一步指出萌生与发展于先秦时期的预防犯罪思想，不仅对整个先秦社会产生了重大影响，对后世所产生的影响也极其深远，值得我们今天加以分析批判和借鉴。

Lose the trust of the phenomenon as a result of the existence of economic ties between enterprises, often using ancient只敢spot cash transactions, and did not dare to adopt more efficient and convenient tools for credit transactions; and commercial banks did not dare adopt a new credit instruments, and even in traditional business also extra careful; due to low level of credit in international trade have had extensive use of letters of credit, so that effectiveness and efficiency of damage.

失去信任的现象，由于存在经济关系的企业，常常利用古代只敢现货现金交易，并不敢采取更为高效，便捷的工具信贷交易；和商业银行也不敢采取新的信用工具，甚至在传统业务也格外小心，因为低水平的信用在国际贸易中已广泛使用的信用证，因此，效益和效率的损失。

Taletelling" is a typical form of oral communication,"acting", a comprehensive one and one of the perfect forms for human communication, and the "partly-versed novel , another form of the communication, as a middle style between the novel and drama; of course, the entrance of verses into the novel is not meant merely to stand close by the orthodox.

中国古代白话小说戏曲传播，虽然是发生在以文字为主要传播媒介的时代，却由于接受者的待殊性，语言一直是与文字同样重要的传播媒介。"说话"是口语传播最纯粹最典型的表现形式；"表演"是一种综合性的传播方式，也是人类传播活动中最完美的表现形式之一；"词话"是介于小说与戏曲之间的文体，却同时又作为小说戏曲的传播方式存在。

Some taboos and sacrifices concerning yak totems; the decline of tokenism and the collective unconsciousness; and the analysis made from the total theory perspective,we can surmise that the yak must have been regarded as a totem to the early Tibetans in a certain time and in certain areas.

并且，从对牦牛的崇高地位、部分藏区至今残留的牦牛图腾遗存、具体史实、与图腾相关的禁忌和祭祀、图腾衰落的原因和集体无意识以及纯理论等分析中都可以看出，在古代一定时期的一定地域里牦牛曾作为藏族先民的图腾存在过。

The age of MORB-type metabasic volcanic rocks is(1462± 28) Ma using the SHRIMP zircon U-Pb method.The presence of MORB and IAT assemblages suggests the existence of an ocean basin in Yunkai area,Guangxi,southwestern South China Block during Grenvillian.They probably defined as a part of archipelagic ocean system before South China has formed unified Rodinia during the Grenvillian orogeny.Cathaysia block and Yangtze block have experienced continent-continent collision orogenics behind this ocean basin subducted,and have formed unified Rodinia.

MORB和 IAT组合的出现说明位于华南板块西南端的广西云开地区在 Grenville期可能存在过洋盆，它们很可能代表了 Grenville期造山作用形成统一的 Rodinia超级大陆以前的一个&多岛洋盆&系统，华夏古陆和扬子板块可能在该古洋盆于新元古代早期发生的全球性 Grenville期造山运动而发生消减消失后才开始碰撞和造山，形成统一的 Rodinia超级大陆。

54 Is not only much more systematically presented in these older writings, but gives ample evidence of a continuous cabalistic tradition; inasmuch as the mystic literature of the geonic period is only a fragmentary reproduction of the ancient apocalyptic writings, and the saints and sages of the tannaic period take in the former the place occupied by the Biblical protoplasts, patriarchs, and scribes in the latter.

一项研究的少数几个仍然存在猜测书籍披露的事实，忽略了最现代作家对cabala和essenism认为，&神秘传说&，偶尔提及，在talmudic或米大示解经文学（比较聪茨，&货车&二维版，第172页起；若埃尔阿，&万religionsphilosophie苏哈尔&页45-54岁），不仅更系统地介绍了这些年纪较大的著作，而是充分证明了一个连续cabalistic传统，因为神秘文学的若尼克期只是一个残缺不全的复制古代世界末日的著作，和圣人和智者的tannaic期间采取在原地点占领圣经原生质体，长者，文士在后者。

Though not now held by the majority of modern scholars, this identification was taken for granted by pilgrims of old and found its way into the liturgy of Bethany. The localising of the house of Simon on the site of the church was probably due to the custom of reading John's story of the anointing on the vigil of Palm Sunday at Bethany. This siting was long lived.

尽管如此，多数现代学者并未因此受困，假定身份问题被古代的朝圣者所接受，且因此发现伯达尼的礼仪风俗，西满的房子具有地方色彩，把它的位置限制在教堂范围内，可能是因为在伯达尼的圣枝主日前夕诵读了若望福音有关於涂油的习俗〔依据Egeria的记录〕，这个地点存在很久。

From the foundation of China to pre-reformation, China had been exercising the highly centralized planned economy system.

中国古代虽然是一个自给自足的自然经济社会，但在以农为本的主流经济之外，也存在着商品经济缓慢发展的空间和可能，从而在客观上促进了契约秩序的萌生；只是到了近代社会，在商品经济有了一定程度的发展之后，中国才真正开始了构建契约秩序的尝试。

Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.

尽管在历史上古代以色列主权国家的犹太法和离散时期的犹太法存在着明显的断裂，旧约后部分的一些法律问题的精神与塔木德经－一种离散时期犹太法的主要经籍－的非常相近。

Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora , the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.

尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则，《旧约全书》后半部分中法律内容的精神与《犹太教法典》极为一脉相承，而所谓的《犹太教法典》，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。