变量

As to the risk model with random premium rate, we concerned with discrete random variable, continuous random variable and general random variable. We derive the formula of ruin probability, the extreme during the total duration of negative surplus and the joint distribution of the surplus immediately before ruin and the deficit at ruin.

对于保费率为随机变量的一类风险模型，本文就离散的随机变量、连续的随机变量、一般的随机变量三个方面进行讨论，运用概率方法和风险理论的方法推导出破产概率、末离前最大盈余分布、破产前瞬时盈余与破产赤字的联合分布等精算量分布的一般公式。

This paper provides a method of variable integrity testing to detect the faults of software By checking the definition domain of the variable itself and the restriction condition of consistency between variables, we only need to determine the bound of each output data, rather than the exact value Although the output of testing case cannot be easily caught, this method can improve the efficiency of detecting faults Furthermore, the checking point is not limited to the final output place, but spreads over the reference places in the program code to key variables just like those at the checkpoints under debugging As a consequence, the testing becomes more precise

由于软件测试用例的输出部分很难确定，而通过测试变量自身的定义域和变量间的一致性约束关系，只需要确定输出值的范围而不用知道其确切的值，就可以提高了错误检测的效率同时，检测的范围不局限于程序最后的输出结果，而是散布在程序中的各个有意义的变量，正如调试过程中设置断点观察的那些变量，使得检测错误更加精准1 引言软件测试的本质在于针对要测试的内容确定一组测试用例[1] 测试用例分为输入和输出两部分功能测试和结构测试等基本的软件测试方法，都比较关心测试用例的输入部分定义域的确定，而对测试用例的输出部分考虑得较少例如，边界测试和等价类测试[2 ] 只考虑测试用

Its benefit is that different structural sizes can be controlled by single design variable, such as the thickness of plate element and the area of bar element can be controlled by single dimensionless design variable.

采用无量纲设计变量为了适合工程实际的设计变量连接，利用无量纲设计变量，其好处是可以跨单元、跨截面的用同一个设计变量控制不同类型的结构尺寸(如板单元的厚度、杆单元的截面面积等)。

Type conflict. Type of external the variable doesn't match with type of the global variable with the same

发现了一个与外部变量有相同名字的全局变量，但是全局变量和外部变量的类型是不相同的。

The state of combat system structure is divided into three states: stable state, confusion and collapse state, the state of combat system structure is used as state variable; collapse state corresponds to the minimum value of state variable; confusion state corresponds to intermediate value of state variable; stable state corresponds to maximum value of state variable.

将作战体系结构所处的状态分为稳定状态、混乱状态、崩溃状态，并以作战体系结构所处的状态为状态变量，崩溃状态对应于状态变量的最小值，混乱状态对应于状态变量的中间值，稳定状态对应于状态变量的最大值。

One focuses the relationship between the operation variables and intermediate variables, the other concentrated in the relationship between the intermediate variable and final variables.

对货币政策有效性的研究主要分为两个层次：从操作变量到中介变量为第一个层次，从中介变量到最终变量为第二个层次。

In this method, an interim variable is defined by combining one variable of each subsystem. The interim variable is used to construct the sliding-mode function and the total control law can be derived to guarantee the equilibrium point is reachable in finite time. Using LaSalle invariance theorem, it can be proved further that the equilibrium field only includes one equilibrium point and the equilibrium point is asymptotically stable.

该方法将各个子系统的一个变量进行组合定义成一个中间变量，然后从这个中间变量出发构造滑模函数，通过求取总的控制量保证中间变量在有限时间内收敛到平衡点；进一步利用LaSalle不变性原理证明该收敛域内只有一个平衡点且是渐近稳定的。

In theory we require linear independence among variables used as inputting or outputting of BP net when we model the mineral processing plant with BP net. However it is always definite relativity in inputting variables or outputting variables in modeling of the mineral processing plant, which sets definite obstacle in high quality modeling.

在应用BP网络建立选矿厂数学模型时，理论上要求作为BP网络的输入变量之间或输出变量之间应是线性无关的，而选矿厂数学建模中，输入变量之间或输出变量之间往往存在着一定的相关关系，这对建立高质量的模型设置了一定的障碍。

Given an algorithm as pseudo-code, determine the correct scope for a variable used in the algorithm, and develop code to declare variables in any of the following scopes: instance variable, method parameter, and local variable.

给一个算法作为伪代码，确定在算法中使用的变量正确的作用域，和开发代码声明在如下任一作用域内的变量：实例变量，方法参数，和局部变量。

New chance space inherits the mathematical foundations of both probability and credibility theory, and a hybrid variable is measurable function from a chance space to the set of real numbers. In order to measure hybrid variable, a concept of chance measure was introduced by Li and Liu.

为了刻划混合变量，Li和Liu基于机会空间概念提出了新的机会测度(显然机会测度同样适合于刻划随机模糊变量，模糊随机变量)，对混合变量的研究也取得了一些成果。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。