变迁

This dissertation is introduced on the background of the economical regime and tax system reform in China that began in the last centaury 70s,The China's reform presents plenty of colorful and constantly changing scenes before us.

作为处于社会制度结构中的税收制度，随着社会制度结构的变革，一方面形成了税收制度变迁的环境，另一方面它的变迁也构成了综合社会制度变迁的内容之一。

As the research method as concerned, this research collects materials and information from three different villages and organizes them in series village comparison way , which is a new attempt in the domestic present research of Pinghua group as well as the urbanization. Meanwhile, through this kind of comparison research, this thesis proposes the"disequilibrium change"concept in another kind meaning and points out that there would be disequilibrium change at different points in an identical social culture, which will promote the anthropology's understanding of change's diversity.

在研究方法上，本研究从三个不同的点收集资料，采用村落连环比较的方式组织材料，是目前国内有关平话人研究以及城市化研究的一次新尝试；同时，通过这种比较研究，提出另一种意义上的"非均衡"变迁的概念，指出了同一社会文化在不同点上变迁的不均衡现象，增进人类学有关社会文化变迁多样性的理解。

Being a componential part of the political and economic system of society, education is an issue which involves various complicated elements such as the changes of culture, society and institution.

而且，由于教育是社会政治经济制度的组成部份，涉及到文化变迁、社会变迁、制度变迁等诸多复杂因素。

The two kinds of system variance have effect to market structure and behavior both and the evolution of bond market structure and behavior may call for them too. Thus, the further conclusion is to drive the derivational system variance by compellent system variance and get the effective development by analyzing the market and structure.

两种制度变迁对债券市场结构和行为产生重要影响，同时债券市场结构和行为的演变也会对其产生新的要求，因此进一步的结论是，在市场需求导向下，通过强制性制度变迁推动诱致性制度变迁的发生，促进债券市场结构和行为的研究，从而实现市场的高效发展。

This dissertation studies the course by way of the microstructure of institutional changes.

制度变迁的过程——从制度变迁的微观结构入手来研究制度变迁的过程。

So many Chinese scholars suggest that the Chinese stock exchange should be reformed from a mutualization organization to a demutualization company.

而本文认为，由于我国证券交易所的变迁并不是一种诱致性的制度变迁过程(简单地讲它不是因为市场力量的需求而主动形成)，相反它是一个强制性变迁的过程。

The thesis selects the American constitutional protection on private property law history from the establishment of the United States to the New Deal as study theme, and applies the theory of increasing returns path dependence and evolutionary path dependence from Oona A. Hathaway to normatively analyze this law history. Furthermore, it draws some useful conclusions on characteristics of increasing returns path dependence and evolutionary path dependence on the changing history of American constitutional protection on private property law in a Common Law System, and it also takes a few steps on applying path dependence theory on studying law history in a continental law system in our country.

论文选择美国独立战争后至新政这段时期私有财产权宪法保护法律变迁历史作为研究对象，应用哈撒维的递增报酬路径依赖和进化路径依赖理论对这段法律变迁历史进行了实证分析，总结出了美国私有财产权宪法保护法律在普通法环境下的递增报酬和进化路径依赖特性，并对路径依赖理论应用于我国成文法环境下的法律变迁研究进行了初步探索。

Adjusting between welfare and punishment, tend towards middle of the road is the rule of juvenile justice policy development. Welfare is a kind of periphrastic juvenile control policy, the pretext to constructing juvenile justice system, and the groundwork that cannot been threw away during the development of juvenile justice.

本文通过对美国少年司法起源与变迁史的考察发现，无论是多么伪善或者直白，少年司法起源与变迁背后的推动力均主要源自成人社会控制少年的需要；而少年司法政策的演变规律则呈现出在福利与惩罚之间调整其立场，在总体上走向折中主义的趋势；作为一种"隐蔽而迂回"的少年控制策略，福利是建构少年司法的旗帜，也是少年司法变迁中难以背弃的根基。19世纪以前的美国，大体处于"前少年司法时代"。

On the basis of pollen analysis of surface sample in North China, polynomial function analysis method was applied to establish pollen climate response surface of Pinus, Betula, Quercus, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Picea, Ephedra, Gramineae in North China, therefore an easy and applicable method for reconstructing palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment with data of fossil pollen was founded; Multi-analysis method was applied to analyse the principal elements of surface sample pollen in central Inner Mongolia Steppe, the assemblages of surface sample pollen in steppe area and its relationship with vegetation type were discussed with helps from spore-pollen analysis of a peat section in Chasuqi, Inner Mongolia and 〓C chronometer, fossil pollen data were obtained with high resolution on the peat section in Chasuqi. Vegetation succession and environmental changes since Holocene at resolution of 70 years were primarily reconstructed in south Mount Daqingshan and Plain Tumete. The changes in the area were copmared with those in the neighbouring areas during the same period. It was found that Holocene environmental change had undergone the following stages: cold-arid, temperate-wet, warm-wet, temperate-arid and cold-arid, and the climatical optimum period occurred in 5000-4100 aB.

本文在对中国北方表土花粉研究的基础上，采用多项式函数回归方法建造了中国北方松属、桦属、栎属、蒿属、藜科、菊科、云杉属、麻黄属、禾本科等的花粉——气候趋势面，从而为利用化石花粉资料直接恢复古气候、古环境提供了一种方便易行的方法；采用多元分析方法对内蒙古中部草原区表土花粉进行了主成分分析，探讨了草原区表土花粉组合的规律及与植被类型的关系；本文还应用孢粉分析方法，结合〓C测年技术，通过内蒙古中部察素齐泥炭剖面高分辨率的化石花粉数据，初步恢复了大青山山地南部及土默特平原地区分辨率为70年的全新世以来植被演替和环境变迁的状况，并与邻近地区的全新世古气候、古环境进行了对比研究，研究发现，本区域全新世古环境的变迁序列基本上可以与周围地区及华北地区进行对比，其环境变迁经历了凉干～温湿～暖湿～温干～凉干的变化，且气候最适宜期出现在5000～4100aB.P。

The paper argues that, the essence of the change of Shuang Villages governance is the pounding and reinstitution of various authoritative factors within modernization to all the structured relationships of the original village, which are directly embodied by the aspects of political public authority and order, and in broader sense by the whole figure of the village in social anthropological sense as well.

因此，本文对双村权威与秩序形态变迁的考察，不仅涉及村庄的公共权威与秩序，同时还包括由公共权威与秩序所影响和辐射的经济、社会、文化、风俗和信仰等各个层面，只不过中国现代化的后发外生型特征决定了前者的变迁往往是后者变迁的原因和前提，因而也是考察的一个元点。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失