变调

In these portion,the article begins the study of tone sandhi from the point view of two-character phrases and three-character phrases,which is also the focus and difficult point as well.On the basis of substantial materials of Dingzhou dialect,the author elaborates its rules and principles of tone sandhi of the general phrases and those with light tones,and reiterative location.the author puts his views as follows: 1.The rules of tone sandhi of two- character phrase are simple and unitive. 2.The complex of the phrase with light tones lies in the combination of the first tone and light tone.In the case,there are two different pronunciations in Dingzhou dialect.The author guesses it is the coexist of ancient pronunciations and common spoken Chinese. 3.The tone sandhi of general three-character phrases on the basis of the rules of that of two- character phrases,using the grammar structure of the three-character phrases as the restricted conduction,which function jointly. 4.The rules of tone sandhi of three- character phrases with light tones are restricted only by that of the two- character phrases with light tones and thus are foreign to grammar structure. 5.The tone sandhi of the words with reiterative location has their own system.

这两章中，作者采用直接调查法，社会语言学方法分别从一般字组、含轻声字组和叠音词字组三个方面对定州方言连读变调进行详尽地描写，文章中既有对连读变调的共时性描写，也有对连读变调历时性推测，总的来讲笔者认为定州方言变调具有一定的系统性，主要表现在以下几个方面：两字组连读变调规律简单统一，含轻声字两字组内部规律较为复杂，但是具有很强的一致性；定州方言含轻声两字组变调的复杂性主要表现在阴平+轻声的组合中，在这种情况下，定州方言有两种读音方式，推测它是语音存古现象和普通话语音并存的结果；一般三字组连读变调以两字组连读变调规律为基础，以三字组的语法结构为制约条件，二者共同发生作用；轻声三字组变调规律只受轻声两字组变调规律的制约，与语法结构无关；叠音词的变调规律自成系统。

The tone sandhi of quartersyllabic compounding forms have something with the internal structures. The ways of the tone sandhi of the multisyllabic compounding forms work through some linguistics units that are syncopated according to the discussion stop. The result of tone sandhi is the simple linkage of those linguistic units.

四字组的连读变调与内部形式有一定的关系，多字组连读变调的依据是按语流停顿来把多字组分为若干个语言单位，变调结果是这些被切分成的语言单位变调的简单加并。

Semantic tone change, which uses tone change to achieve a particular semantic goal, such as the diminutive tone change that is widespread in Southern Wuyu. This kind of tone change sometimes also appears in single-syllable words, but originally is never the result of a multisyllable phrase's tone change going one step further ????

语义变调，这是指利用声调的变化来达到特定的语义目的，如南部吴语里普遍存在的"小称变调"，这种变调有时也出现在单音节词里，但从来源上讲也是多音节字组变调进一步发展的结果。

The changing tone of personal pronouns of Quanzhou dialect ;to analyse and expound the conditions of changing tone of pronouns of Quanzhou dialect;the selection of changing tone according to subordinative marks, the nature and functions of changing tone of subordinative pronouns.

3泉州方言人称代词的变调。分析、阐述泉州方言代词变调的条件、变调对领属标记的选择以及领属代词变调的性质和功能等问题。

A better algorithm and corresponding real time implementation scheme are proposed. By methodic arranging the clocks of CPU and AD/DA, the scheme can not only scale the pitch in two octave range effectively, but also process the real time input audio for synchronous scaling output. The experimental results on Windows platform indicate the modest CPU and memory consumption, so as to meet the requirement of real time applications.

改造后的实时变调算法与实现方案通过合理控制CPU时钟和AD/DA时钟的时序关系，不仅能够在两个八度音范围内进行有效的变调，而且能够对实时输入的音频信号进行同步变调输出，在Windows平台上验证实验还表明新方案具有较低的CPU占用率和内存消耗，能够满足实时应用的要求。

Chapter five looks at the mutation in language stream with contemporary philologic theories. The characteristics of mutation in changshan dialect are supposed to be show by tone changing , light syllable, r-suffixation, z-suffixation,etc.我每is possibly the r-suffixation of women我们;Some final varied pattern of suffix子is actually r-suffixation;Changshan dialect"s light syllable lies in every level of language and it has multifold forms; There is rich tone change of verbs which can present certain grammatical meanings in Changshan"s dialect.

第五章动态的描写了长山方言中的语流音变，利用当代语音、语法、语义理论从轻声变调、语法变调、小称变韵、子变韵等几个方面考察长山方言语流音变的特点，认为&我每&有可能是&我们&的小称形式；以闻喜方言为代表的&子变韵&并不是&子&音转变而来，而是&儿化&的一种形式；长山方言的轻声变调存在于词汇、短语、句子等多个语言层面，有三种表现形式；轻声助词&了&、&着&、&到&省略后，会引起前面动词的语法变调，等等。

Phonological tone change, the commonly mentioned tone sandhi, is tone change produced by the phonological interaction among syllables, like Beijing dialect's first syllable tone change in "tone II + tone II" contexts i.e.

语音变调，即一般所谓的连读变调，是因音节之间的语音关系而产生的变调，如北京话&上声+上声&时前字的变调。

Grammatical tone change, which is tone change produced by particular grammatical structures, such as the verb-object structure which frequently has a special tone change pattern in some Wuyu dialects

语法变调，这是由特定的语法结构关系而产生的变调，如吴语一些方言述宾结构的字组往往具有特殊的变调模式。

One of the types represents a classifier with a high lever contour as a tone change of lexical nominalization, and the other one is a diminutive with a high rising contour as a tone change signifying semantic addition, such as the meanings of being small or little.

名词变调是词语名词化的一种变调方式，小称变调则是一种附加语义变化的语音表现方式，它表示的附加语义是&小&和&少&之类，这种变调不仅限于名词，是一种跨词类的现象。

Semantic tone change, which uses tone change to achieve a particular semantic goal, such as the diminutive tone change that is widespread in Southern Wuyu. This kind of tone change sometimes also appears in single-syllable words, but originally is never the result of a multisyllable phrase's tone change going one step further ????

语义变调，这是指利用声调的变化来达到特定的语义目的，如南部吴语里普遍存在的&小称变调&，这种变调有时也出现在单音节词里，但从来源上讲也是多音节字组变调进一步发展的结果。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。