变晶的

And the lattice distance expands anomalously with decreasing particle size. Using the model of long-range interaction and its cooperative phenomena altered by particle size, the size-induced cubic-tetragonal phase transition, the anomalous lattice expansion, and the change in chemical bonding characters have been well understood.

采用长程相互作用的晶粒尺寸效应模型，对钛酸钡纳米晶结构相变、晶格间距异常增加、价键性质变化等实验现象给出了合理的统一的解释；并把该模型扩展到解释与钛酸钡晶体具有不同共价性成分的氮化镓等纳米体系的相变以及晶格结构变化现象。

The quaternary GalnAsSb can be used for the bolometer, IR radar, monitoring of the environment, trace gases and other interesting purpose for its special response wavelength. GalnAsSb infrared detectors are novel compound detectors with advantages of fast response, high sensitivity, high stability, low price, especially its character to work at room temperature.

当其晶格参数与InP衬底的晶格参数相匹配时，其覆盖波长基本不变(1.6～1.7μm)：但是匹配于InAs衬底时，覆盖波长从1.7μm变到3.4μm；而与GaSb衬底晶格匹配时AlGaAsSb、GaInAsSb四元系化合物材料可以覆盖从1.7μm至4.3μm的波段，所以GaInAsSb四元系化合物材料在红外成像、红外技术方面有重要的实用价值，同时在未来的超低损耗光纤通信中也具有潜在的应用。

Cu6Zr5, the basic cluster of the primary devitrification phase of Cu-based amorphous alloys, is selected as cluster model based the on structure heredity existing between amorphous alloys and primary devitrification phases.

根据非晶与其晶化相存在结构遗传关系，以Cu-Zr基非晶晶化相Cu10Zr7中的Cu6Zr5阿基米德反棱柱为团簇模型，利用离散变分方法从电子层次研究了Al元素对Cu基非晶合金团簇稳定性的影响。

The results indicate that the flow stress of the alloy increases with increasing strain rate and decreasing deformation temperature. The flow stress increases with increasing strain until the stress reaches the peak value, then the flow stress remains constant, which indicates that dynamic recrystallization happens during deformation. The flow behaviors are described by the hyperbolic sine constitutive equation, and the activation energy calculated is 337.75 kJ/mol. The as-forged microstructure consists of refined α2/γ and γ grains, and the grains are much homogeneous than before. The B2 phase distributes uniformly at the grain boundary of α2/γ and γ grains. The B2 phase decreases with increasing deformation temperature.

结果表明：流变应力随着应变速率提高和变形温度降低而增大；在变形过程中，流变应力随着变形量增大而增大，当流变应力达到峰值后趋于平稳，表明合金在变形过程中发生了动态再结晶；热变形过程的流变应力可采用双曲正弦本构关系来描述，平均激活能为337.75 kJ/mol；从合金的组织演化过程中可以看出，合金中不均匀的原始组织得到明显均匀化，变形后的组织是由α2/γ层片晶团和γ晶粒组成的双态组织，在α2/γ层片晶团和γ晶粒的晶界交界处发现分布均匀的B2相，并且随着变形温度升高B2相数量逐渐减少。

Dynamic analysis of phase transition and observation of morphologic evolution show that the growth of K_2Ti_6O_(13) whisker is quite sensitive to calcination temperature accompanying with fulminous growth at given temperature, but after that the growth became slow.

动态相变分析和晶须形态演化观察表明：K_2Ti_6O_(13)晶须的生长对煅烧温度极为敏感，一定温度下晶须的生长转变几乎是&爆发式的&，但是此后晶须的生长变得很缓慢。

According to the regression equations of initial crystallization temperature, the solubility of alumina and density at the temperature of 20 ℃ above its ICT of (2.23～3.0)NaF.AlF3-(0～5%)LiF-(0～15%)CaF2 system,the ICT isograms within the range of 910～950℃ and the density isograms at nonequal temperature within the range of 2.04～2.20g/cm3 under the 6%, 8%, 10%solubility of alumina were first obtained respectively.

基于(2.23～3.0)NaF.AlF3-(0～5%)LiF-(0～15%)CaF2系熔体初晶温度、变温氧化铝溶解能力和变温密度的研究，首次得到了氧化铝溶解能力为6%，8%和10%时温度范围在910～950℃的等溶初晶温度和密度在2.04～2.20g/cm3之间的等溶变温密度。

The results show that the alloy undergoes obvious plastic elongation, the specimen fractures into four sections and the diameter changes from 16 mm to 12 mm. The fracture surfaces distribute randomly well developed and partially developed veinal patterns. The deformation behavior of alloy is non-Newtonian flow behavior. About 3% amorphous matrix of extruded specimen transforms crystal, the crystal particles with size of 10-20 mm are precipitated in the amorphous matrix, the thermostability of the extruded specimen was lowered. The failure of the alloy is mainly attributed to non-uniform viscous flow under high strain rate resulting from the hydrostatic extrusion process.

结果表明：非晶合金在高应变速率下产生了明显的塑性变形，直径从16 mm变为12 mm，断裂为4段，且样品断口上随机分布着充分发展与未充分发展的脉纹式切变带，由此可看出非晶合金的变形为非牛顿体变形行为；挤压后的样品约有3％的非晶相发生晶化，在非晶基体上析出10～20 nm的纳米晶粒，导致挤压后非晶合金的热稳定性降低；静液挤压高应变速率变形条件使非晶合金产生非均匀流变，是造成非晶合金断裂的主要原因。

It is found that the structure of the ternary electroless Ni-W-P coating is greatly influenced by W content in the deposit. It is also found that the requisite content of phosphorus for amorphous Ni-W-P structure is less than that of Ni-P binary alloy coating, and the more tungsten exists, the less phosphorus is required. The hardness of the deposits will be enhanced as the deposit structures are changed from amorphous to mix-or nanocrystalline structures. The corrosion resistance of Ni-W-P ternary alloy is improved as W content increased, and the passivation of amorphous deposits is formed more easily than that of mix-structure and nanocrystalline deposits.

研究发现，化学镀Ni-W-P三元合金镀层的结构受镀层中钨含量的影响较大，非晶态Ni-W-P三元合金镀层所需磷含量较非晶态Ni-P二元镀层所需磷含量要低，并且钨含量越高，所需磷含量越少；镀层硬度随镀层结构从非晶态→混晶态→纳米晶态转变而增加；镀层的耐蚀性随镀层中钨含量增加而变好，且非晶态镀层较混晶态和纳米晶态镀层更易形成钝化区。

It is clarified for the first time that the thermal fatigue failure of solder joint is actually a creep strain low cycle fatigue failure, and a physical model for creep fatigue crack propagation has been proposed. It was pointed out that creep strain increases in the high stress area ahead of the tip of thermal fatigue crack, results on one hand that the slide of crack tip increase, inactivation more serious and crack close length increases, the other hand, that intergranular crack exists, whose direction will affect the fatigue crack propagating.

本文首次阐明了焊点的热循环失效本质上是以焊点内循环蠕变为主要应变的低周疲劳失效，并在此基础上提出了蠕变疲劳裂纹扩展的物理模型，指出热循环裂纹前端的高应力区内，蠕变加剧，使裂纹前端滑移增加，裂纹钝化加剧，导致随后的裂纹闭合扩展长度增加；同时蠕变也使裂纹前端的高应力区出现晶间裂纹，蠕变沿晶裂纹对主裂纹扩展的影响取决于沿晶裂纹的连接方向。

The results show that the growth rate of tetrapod ZnO is controlled by spiral growth and its crystallization is via VLS model. The condensation of tiny zinc droplets in zinc vapor is the key factor of the formation of tetrapod ZnO. The growth steps are formed on the terminated faces as zinc diffuses outwards and the elongation of whiskers continues until zinc inside the droplets is depleted. VS crystallization, which has little effect on the elongation growth, takes place on side faces of the whiskers and consequently makes the whiskers radius increase.

结果表明： T-ZnO晶须的结晶作用是气-液-固方式，晶须生长受螺旋生长机理控制；锌蒸气中产生凝聚生长的锌液滴是制备T-ZnO晶须的关键，锌从液滴内向外扩散在晶须的端面产生生长台阶，随着液滴内的原子向外不断扩散，针体部分就不断地伸长生长，当液滴内的原子全部消耗尽时，晶须便不再发生轴向生长；气-固方式的作用主要是促进晶须棱面生长而使晶须变粗，对轴向生长几乎没有影响。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。