变晶

In this thesis, the heterojunction with intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin layer ( heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer: HIT) solar cells are investigated. The solar cell structure of p/i/n are fabricated. The substrate is a typical 4-inch n-type wafer with (100) crystal orientation, 1~10 ohm-cm and about 525 μm thickness. The p and i a-Si:H layers are deposited by a 13.56 MHz plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The i a-Si:H layers are especially deposited by pulse-wave modulation plasma technique with fixed plasma turn-off time toff = 10 ms and changed plasma turn-on time ton= 10 to 40 ms to selectively control the different silicon to hydrogen bonding configurations. The effect of various Si:H bonds on the performance of HIT solar cells are explored.

中文摘要本论文针对异质接面薄本质层(heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer： HIT)太阳电池进行研究，采用一般典型四英吋晶向为(100，厚度约为525 μm，电阻率约为 1~10 ohm-cmn型矽晶圆为基板，制作p/i/n太阳电池，p及i层薄膜以13.56 MHz电浆加强化学气相沈积，i层并采用脉波调变电浆技术，在固定电浆关闭时间toff = 10 ms及改变电浆开启时间由ton = 10 ms 至40 ms条件下制作具有不同矽氢键结微结构的氢化非晶矽薄膜以探讨不同矽氢键结对太阳电池性能的影响。

Therefore, the mechanical properties especially the toughness of TWIP steels can be improved by way of controlling its heat treatment process to increase the number of CSL boundaries in original structure.

CSL晶界对材料的抗晶间腐蚀、断裂和蠕变强度的提高均有有益的作用，因此，通过控制TWIP钢的热处理工艺来提高原始组织中特殊晶界的含量，可以提高TWIP钢的强韧性。

The samples of 600℃ group didn't crystallize, but the color became darker and yellower as the peolongation of the heating time; the samples of 650℃ and 700℃ groups crystallized in different degrees, the translucency and Chroma decreased as the prolongation of the heating time, but the Value increased.

600℃组各样本均未晶化，随着保温时间的延长，其颜色逐渐加深，偏黄，650℃及700℃组各样本均发生不同程度的晶化，随晶化温度的升高及保温时间的延长，样本的透明度逐渐降低，亮度逐渐升高，色调变浅且饱和度逐渐降低

SEM and TEM observations indicate that the prior austenite deformation not only refines the allotriomorphic ferrite grain but also promotes the nucleation of intragranular ferrite, both of which in turn contribute to the refinement of granular bainite cluster including its ferrite platelets and MA islands.

SEM和TEM观察表明，奥氏体形变不仅细化仿晶界型铁素体，而且促进先共析铁素体在原奥氏体晶内形核，从而有利于细化粒状贝氏体晶团及其内部的铁素体片条和MA岛。

The structure of ITO films prepared on flexible substrate for different concentration of SnO2 is polycrystalline bixbyite, the crystal lattice parameter of films increases and distortion of crystal lattice is more obvious with the increasing of SnO2 concentration.

用不同掺杂比例的靶材制备的薄膜均为多晶纤锌矿结构，掺杂比例增大，样品的晶格常数变大，晶格畸变明显。

The quantity of mgo saturated solid dissolve in c12a7 crystal does not exceed 1%, the mgo of the others with form of square magnesian stone alone separate out.

固溶机理为离子半径相对较大的mg2+取代了晶胞中离子半径相对较小的al3+，引起了晶胞的扩胀，晶面距d值的变大。

At the same time,a tension stress is applied on theγ′phase interfaces along the direction parallel to the stress axis,which results in the lattice expansion ofγ′phase to trap the Al,Ta atoms with the bigger radius.This brings out the accumulation of the solute atoms to form the N-type rafted structure.Al,Ta atoms with bigger radius diffuse to the {100} plane to form the linked bond of the heterogeneous atoms and the stable stacking mode,this is a main reason of promoting the transformation ofγ′phase into the N-type rafted structure.And the change of the strain energy density in different interfaces of the cubical-likeγ′phase is thought to be the driving force of the elements diffusion and theγ′phase directional growth during creep.

拉伸蠕变期间，类立方γ\'相中与施加应力轴垂直的界面受水平切应力，使晶格收缩可排斥较大半径的Al、Ta原子；与应力轴平行的界面受拉伸张应力，使晶格扩张可诱捕较大半径的Al、Ta原子，由此引起的原子偏聚形成γ\'相是自由能降低的过程；其中，较大半径的Al、Ta原子扩散迁移至{100}晶面，形成异类原子结合键及稳定的堆垛方式，是促使γ\'相形成N-型筏状结构的主要原因；而γ\'相不同界面的应变能密度变化是元素扩散及γ\'相定向粗化的驱动力。

Characterization of cotton fiber using solid-state ~(13)C-CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy shows that the crystallinity after MHT is lower than the original sample,but the cotton after MHT has a higher lateral orientation index,which has a good definition in C2,3,5 resonance region.~(13)C-CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction reveal that cellulose I_βis the main cellulose in cotton,and microwave change the allomorphs content.

通过核磁共振碳谱表征分析可知，微波处理之后的结晶度要小于原样，但是由于微波处理之后的棉纤维有相当高的侧向有序指数，其在C2，3，5共振区域有更好的清晰度。X衍射和核磁共振均表明棉纤维是以纤维素I_β为主，微波处理改变了纤维素的晶型，晶型含量I_α和I_β均降低，但是比例基本保持不变，微波处理之后向次晶转化。

Combining the mechanism of oxygen diffusion with the block model in YBCO, the mechanism of the phase transitions can he explained as follows: the phase transition at 400℃ comes directly from O(1) in the rock salt block, and corresponds to the beginning of O-T; the phase transition at 850℃ corresponds to the end of O-T, when O(2) and O(3) of Cu(2)-O plain are rearranged and a few oxygen enter O(1) site of Cu(1)-O plain through O(4) bridge atom, and at last escape from the crystal cell. Thus the phase transition at 850℃ is related with the pervoskite block.

结合YBCO中氧扩散机制和块模型，相变机理解释如下：400℃的相变直接来自于岩盐块，对应于正交－四方转变的起点；850℃相变对应于正交－四方转变的终点，此时Cu(2)-O面中的O(2)和O(3)重排，一些O通过O(4)桥原子进入O(1)位，最后逸出晶胞，因而850℃相变与钙钛矿关系密切。

VS crystallization, which has little effect on the elongation growth, takes place on side faces of the whiskers and consequently makes the whiskers radius increase.

从理论上可推导：晶须按 VS生长时，生长速度受原子沿晶须表面向晶须顶端的扩散控制，其生长速度恒定不变；按VLS生长时，固相与液相之间的 Gibbs Thom

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。