变换

In this paper, a speckle reduction method for Synthetic Aperture Radar images based on Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform is proposed, for the DTCWT has approximate shift-invariant and good directional selectivity.

利用双树复数小波变换(Dud Tree Complex Wavelet Transform， DTCWT)的近似平移不变性和多方向选择性，提出了一种基于DTCWT变换的SAR图像嗓声抑制方法。

It solves the problem that the unitary contour presentation can not correctly extract face contour in a face image which suffers from scale, rotation etc. The definition of the internal and external energy function is provided. At the same time, the global matching algorithm and local matching algorithm is given. The experiment shows that this presentation and the accompanying matching algorithm can be used to extract the face contour very well. So the image segmentation can be implemented by using it.②By analyzing the recognition principle of PCA method, we can conclude that the face images coming from different surrounding consist of different face image space. This is the essential reason that makes the generality of PCA method worse. Also, we give a measurement means to measure the distance from different face image space, so we can analyze face image space more conveniently.③We also construct various scale models and rotation pose models to detect the scale and rotating angle of face image to be recognized. The experiment results show that the detecting precision is very high. So it is good for face image feature extraction and face image representation.④Similarly, we construct local feature models of face image and utilize them to detect the local feature of face image. At the same time, we put forward a novel face image local feature detection algorithm, locating step by step. The experiment results show that this method can accurately detect the location of local face feature in a image.⑤A novel face image presentation model, dual attribute graph , is put forward. Firstly, it utilizes attribute graph to present the face image, then exact the local principal component coefficient and Gabor transform coefficient of thc pixels which corresponds to the nodes of the graph as the attribute of the nodes. This representation fully makes use of the statistical characteristic of the local face feature and utilizes Gabor transform to present the topographical structure of face image. So DAG has more general property.⑥Based on the DAG presentation, we give a DAG matching function and matching algorithm. During the design of the function and algorithm, the noise factor, e. g., lighting, scale and rotation pose are considered and tried to be eliminated. So the algorithm can give more general property.⑦A general face image recognition system is implemented. The experiment show the system can get better recognition performance under the noise surrounding of lighting, scale and rotation pose.

本文在上述研究的基础上，取得了如下主要研究成果：①构造了一个通用的人脸轮廓模型表示，解决了由于人脸图象尺度、旋转等因素而使得仅用单一轮廓表示无法正确提取人脸轮廓的问题，并给出了模型内、外能函数的定义，同时给出了模型的全局与局部匹配算法，实验表明，使用这种表示形式以及匹配算法，能够较好地提取人脸图象的轮廓，可实际用于人脸图象的分割；②深入分析了PCA方法的识别机制，得出不同成象条件下的人脸图象构成不同的人脸图象空间的结论，同时指出这也是造成PCA方法通用性较差的本质原因，并给出了不同人脸空间距离的一种度量方法，使用该度量方法能够直观地对人脸图象空间进行分析；③构造了各种尺度模板、旋转姿势模板以用于探测待识人脸图象的尺度、旋转角度，实验结果表明，探测精确度很高，从而有利于人脸图象特征提取，以及图象的有效表示；④构造了人脸图象的各局部特征模板，用于人脸图象局部特征的探测；同时提出了一种新的人脸图象局部特征探测法---逐步求精定位法，实验结果表明，使用这种方法能够精确地得到人脸图象各局部特征的位置；⑤提出了一种新的人脸图象表示法---双属性图表示法；利用属性图来表示人脸图象，并提取图节点对应图象位置的局部主成分特征系数以及Gabor变换系数作为图节点的属性，这种表示方法充分利用了人脸图象的局部特征的统计特性，并且使用Gabor变换来反映人脸图象的拓扑结构，从而使得双属性图表示法具有较强的通用性；⑥在双属性图表示的基础上，给出双属性图匹配函数及匹配算法，在函数及算法设计过程中，考虑并解决了光照、尺度、旋转姿势变化等因素对人脸图象识别的影响，使得匹配算法具有较强的通用性；⑦设计并实现了一个通用的人脸图象识别系统，实验结果表明，该系统在图象光照、尺度、旋转姿势情况下，得到了较好的识别效果。

The deflection pulse response function in the general Duhamel integration is got by using integral transform and the program of corresponding numerical inverse integral is worked out.

采用积分变换的方法，求得了广义Duhamel积分式中的弯沉脉冲响应函数，并编制了相应的数值积分逆变换程序。

So in the dot-matrix, microcal, for spot color, you must deliberately additional or specify only the rows (for example, in Photoshop with defined spot colors, you can have two situations: If the spot color as a hue applied to the entire image, it is necessary to convert a Duotone image mode, and a Duotone spot color plate application; if the spot color for specific areas of the image, you must create a spot color channel); and in vector drawing environments, if the selection or define a spot color, the color has been to spot color attribute exists, unless you specifically set this spot color property changes or converted to business card printing and membership card making colors (for example, in an additional Iiiustrator and defined a spot color, even if it is referenced to a different data file, or in Illustrator will use that spot color data file with a different vector software open, and so on, this spot color color property does not change).

所以在不背阵画图软件洋，差于专色，务必锐意不天增撤或选举才动（比如：在Photoshop洋增撤和界说专色，可以有两栽景遇：若不兵专色息为一栽色调答用于合座图像，需不兵图像变换为单色调模式，并在其洋一个单色调印版上答用专色；若不兵专色用于图像的特定不天区，则务必成立专色通道）；而在矢量画图境况边，若采取或界说一个专色，则该色不断会以专色的属性活命，除非附带不兵此专色属性保持或变换不败制卡和会员卡制息色（比如：在Iiiustrator洋增撤和界说的一个专色，即使被引用到其他Illustrator数据文件洋或不兵搁置该专色的数据文件用其他矢量软件敞开等，此专色的颜色属性都不会保持）。

So in the dot-matrix, microcal, for spot color, you must deliberately additional or specify only the rows (for example, in Photoshop with defined spot colors, you can have two situations: If the spot color as a hue applied to the entire image, it is necessary to convert a Duotone image mode, and a Duotone spot color plate application; if the spot color for specific areas of the image, you must create a spot color channel); and in vector drawing environments, if the selection or define a spot color, the color will together to spot color attribute exists, unless you specifically set this spot color property changes or converted to business card printing and membership card making colors (for example, in an additional liiusttrator and defined a spot color, even if it is referenced to a different data file, or in Illustrator will use that spot color data file with a different vector software open, and so on, this spot color color property does not change).

所以在不背阵画图软件洋，差于专色，务必锐意不天增撤或选举才动（比如：在photoshop洋增撤和界说专色，可以有两栽景遇：若不兵专色息为一栽色调答用于合座图像，需不兵图像变换为单色调模式，并在其洋一个单色调印版上答用专色；若不兵专色用于图像的特定不天区，则务必成立专色通道）；而在矢量画图境况边，若采取或界说一个专色，则该色一路会以专色的属性活命，除非附带不兵此专色属性保持或变换不败制卡和会员卡制息色（比如：在liiusttrator洋增撤和界说的一个专色，即使被引用到其他Illustrator数据文件洋或不兵搁置该专色的数据文件用其他矢量软件敞开等，此专色的颜色属性都不会保持）。

By using the character of biorthogonal wavelets,which have dyadic rational filter coefficients,this paper presents a fast multiplierless DWT algorithm,which is very suitable for EZW image coding.

在此基础上，针对具有二进系数的双正交小波滤波器，提出了一种适合零树编码的快速小波变换算法，此算法不但以移位代替了乘法运算，而且与使用原始滤波器系数的变换等效。

After discussion of the relation of MR〓 and ALT, an algorithm proposed by Zhongping Qin and Huanguo Zhang, two conclusions are obtained: if a weak key can be successfully attacked by the method of reduced echelon matrix, it can also be successfully attacked by a linear R〓R〓 transformation; meanwhile, there exists such a weak key that can be successfully attacked by the algorithm MR〓 or linear R〓R〓 transformation, but this key can not be successfully attacked by the algorithm ALT. For a NFA, according to the number of solutions for the image equation of its R〓R〓 transformation, there exist two sufficient criteria about its weak invertibility and weak inverse.

通过比较MR〓与覃中平和张焕国提出的攻击FAPKC加密情形的算法ALT，证明了如下结果：凡用约化梯阵方法能攻击成功，用线性R〓R〓变换也能攻击成功；同时，存在着用算法MR〓或线性R〓R〓变换攻击成功的弱密钥，用算法ALT攻击失败。

Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can calculate the broadband correlative ectype FFT efficiently and accurately.

仿真结果表明，基于抗混叠CZT变换的副本快速算法能准确高效地求取宽带相关副本FFT变换的结果。

The elastic constant of the spring model will decreases as the process proceeds.

引 言图象的变形匹配是指对于一幅图象通过寻求一种空间变换模型来使它经过变换后与另一幅图象的空间相关性达到最大[1] 的过程。

Due to its good effect in the reservation of information of signal abrupt change, mathematical morphology is often applied in the detection and location of short-term power quality disturbance, however, there is still a defect of invalid detection existing in partial detection methods based on mathematical morphology while some zero-crossing disturbances are detected. In this paper three mathematical morphology based disturbance detection and location methods, i.e., the method based on first-order derivation and morphological gradient, the method based on morphological gradient and soft threshold processing and the method based on dq decomposition and top-hat transform, are analyzed, that is, by means of simulation the adaptability of these methods in the analysis on the signals of voltage sag, voltage swell and electromagnetic transient oscillation is compared.

数学形态学因其在保留信号突变点信息方面有很好的效果，因此常用于短时电能质量扰动的检测和定位，但基于数学形态学的部分方法仍存在对某些过零点扰动检测失效的缺点，文章分析了3种基于数学形态学的扰动检测和定位方法，即基于1阶求导和形态梯度的方法、基于形态梯度和软阈值处理的方法、基于dq分解和高帽变换的方法，通过仿真比较了3种方法在分析电压暂降、电压暂升、电磁暂态振荡等信号方面的适应性，结果发现基于dq分解和高帽变换的方法在检测过零点扰动时具有很好的效果，因此选取这种方法对实测扰动数据进行了检测和定位分析。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。