变形的

In this paper,Laterite soil adjacent to some stake of the highway in Chenzhou, Hunan section from Xiamen to Chengdu was used to investigate the deformation characteristics and protection methods of the Laterite soil subgrade under the influence of environment factors.Properties like water-holding capacity,capillary rise, coupled heat-moisture transfer and wetting deformation of samples under different compactness were studied through a series of laboratory tests.In addition,by using meteorological data of two consecutive years in Chenzhou,coupled process of moisture transfer and subgrade deformation was stimulated under the impacts of groundwater and the atmosphere.Specific work done in this paper is as follows:(1) Samples under different compactness were subjected to a series of conventional laboratory tests,such as permeability,consolidation,contraction,shear test and etc.

论文以厦门至成都高速公路湖南郴州段的红粘土为研究对象，以环境因素作用下红粘土路基的变形特征与防护方法为研究目的，通过室内试验研究了不同压实度红粘土的持水性能、毛细上升、湿热耦合迁移及湿化变形等特征，借助郴州地区连续两年的气象数据，模拟在地下水和大气的共同作用下路基内部红粘土水分迁移与路基变形的耦合过程，主要研究内容及结论如下：(1)针对不同压实度的红粘土，系统开展了其渗透、固结、收缩、剪切等试验研究。

Through the experiments of three kinds of models mentioned above, the structural deformations of "outflow-extension","strike-slip-extension" and "uplifting-extension" are studied and some viewpoints involving that the plastic flow in the lower lithosphere controls the extensional structures are stated as follows:(1) Regional extensional structure does not result from the direct extension along the upper crust, but from the plastic flow in the lower lithosphere and its dragging and stretching the upper crust;(2) Deformation of continental extensional structure resulted from the active uplifting of mantle is conditional that the significant extension occurs only in the models with free- or outflow-boundary condition on both sides, whereas the passive uplining of mantle exists widely, because it is an inevitable consequence of the efiect of thermo-gravity isostasy;(3) Strike-slip shearing in the lower ductile lithosphere, including site-restricted and site-unrestricted shearing, can result in various types of extension structures;(4) The"graben-horst"type extensional structures can be formed in difierent mechanisms, including outnow-extension, shear-extension, uplifting-extension and their synthetical action.

通过上述三种模型的模拟试验，比较系统地研究了"泄流-伸展"、"走滑-伸展"和"上隆-伸展"等构造变形，提出岩石圈下层塑性流动控制了各种伸展构造变形的观点，主要包括以下几方面：(1)区域性伸展构造不是上层直接受到拉伸，主要是下层流动牵引上层伸展；(2)地幔主动上隆引起大陆伸展构造变形是有条件的，需要侧边伸展或不受约束的边界条件，而被动上隆广泛存在于地壳断裂或减薄部位，是热和重力均衡的必然结果；(3)下层塑性流动中的走滑剪切，包括限位剪切或非限位剪切，可以引起不同型式的伸展构造；(4)总结了"堑-垒"型伸展构造的多种成因机制，包括泄流、走滑、上隆及综合作用均可形成"堑-垒"构造，但组合形式不尽相同。

Analyzed on the tunnels that used EPB method in different soils, the more logical three-dimensional finite element model is based, which can reality represented the soil transfiguration. 3 Due to the engineering example, a 3D FEM simulation model was founded. The model was used to study the rules of soil deformation and surface settlement during shield tunneling. 4 The characteristics of loess include the module, conglutination force and inner friction angle of the loess, affected the soil deformation. 5 The influence factors to the surface settlements such as the depth of soil, the outer diameter of the shield tunnel, the released stress at the cutting face, the fill ratio of the shield tail void, pouring-slurry press, thrusts and lengths of shield and digging steps were studied using the FEM method. References is brought forward in the loess areas of Xi'an was proposed.

通过对不同土质条件下盾构法进行地铁隧道施工的有限元分析，全面反映盾构推进对土体变形的影响情况； 3根据有关勘测资料，建立合理的盾构法施工三维非线性有限元模型，对盾构法施工引起的地层变位和地表位移情况进行计算，分析了盾构施工引起的地层变形规律和地面沉降规律； 4研究了黄土特性(地基模量、粘聚力和内摩擦角)对盾构法施工中土体变形的影响； 5利用三维有限元对盾构施工过程中影响地面沉降的因素(覆土厚度、隧道外径、开挖面压力变化量、注浆压力、盾尾空隙填充率、开挖步长、盾构机的长度和推进力等)进行研究，为今后西安地区地铁的建设提供参考。

To establish the constitutive equation of material, the metric tensor for stress , strain and their transformation equations between different configurations are derived, and basic theory of finite deformation as well as elasto-plastic deformation criterion are studied. By analyzing the applicability of different element models, four-node quadrilateral degenerated Mindlin isoparametric element is adopted because of its good versatility, and the element stiffness matrix is derived. The static implicit elasto-plastic finite element equation for complex skin stretch-forming is put forward based on Updated Langrange formulation.

本文首先系统地阐述了有限变形的相关基本理论，针对板料成形建立了应力应变度量张量及其相应的转换关系；介绍了材料的屈服准则、塑性变形强化规律、塑性流动规律以及加、卸载准则，并在此基础上建立了有限变形各向异性弹塑性本构方程；对板料成形的单元模型进行了分析，针对飞机蒙皮零件特点，采用通用性强的四节点四边形退化Mindlin等参壳单元进行成形模拟，并导出其单元刚度矩阵的具体形式；基于以上研究，以逐级更新Langrange描述的持续虚功率原理为基础，建立了率形式的复杂蒙皮拉形过程静态隐式弹塑性有限元方程。

It is shown that the effect of dynamic thermal tensioning by trailing intensive cooling is greatly influenced by the heat-dissipating conditions of the fixtures.Without uniform preheating it is difficult for trailing intensive cooling alone to create a saddle-shaped temperature field and the mechanism of reducing distortion is equivalent to the decrease of welding heat input. While combined with uniform preheating ,dynamic thermal tensioning comes into being to some degree and the effect of reducing distortion increases obviously.

研究表明，由随焊激冷造成的动态温差拉伸减小焊接变形的效果受夹具自身散热条件的影响较大：不采用整体预热时，难以造成马鞍形温度场，此时减小焊接变形的机理主要是焊接线能量的等效降低；采用整体预热后，能够造成一定程度的温差拉伸，减小焊接变形的效果明显提高。

For giving an explaintion of strong transmogrification but feebleness metamorphism of and their corresponding relation of the Triassic stratum in Songpan-Ganzi area and opening out the temperature and stress condition, this paper summarized study production of predecessors, and put forward 5 conclusions about Songpan-Ganzi area Triassic main lithology(slate, sandrock,and blastopsammitic) through field geological investigation , actual measurement section plane study and combining indoor slice identification , electron probing and fluid enclosure testing analysis:1.Field outcrop strongly transmogrification, and often developed same cleavages(S1) erection or approximately erection 'B'fold and symmetry similituded fold. 2.The metamorphosed mineral combination is simple, and the typical metamorphosed mineral combination is Al+Chl+Ser+Cc+Q, etc. The metamorphosed mineral develops mainly along the cleavages of the territorial cleavages faces(S1), bearing territorial dynamic metamorphism character and belonging to the lawsonite-albite-chlorite face of slightly metamorphism. 3.Territorial metamorphism P-T change focus on T:180～200oC, P:1～2kbar

为了对松潘-甘孜地区三叠系强变形浅变质的特征及变质与变形的对应关系作出解释，揭示变质与变形的温-压条件，本论文总结前人研究成果，通过野外地质调查和实测剖面研究，结合室内薄片鉴定、电子探针和流体包裹体测试分析，对松潘-甘孜地区三叠系主体岩性(板岩、砂板岩、变质砂岩及千枚岩)的变质作用得出5 个认识结论：1、整个松潘-甘孜地区经受了自北向南的强大挤压；2、变质矿物组合简单，除雏晶黑云母外，典型的变质矿物组合为Al+Chl+Ser+Cc+Q等，变质矿物主要沿区域性劈理面(S1)的劈理域发育，具有区域动力变质作用特征，属于低级变质作用中的硬柱石-钠长石-绿泥石相；3、区域变质作用P-T 变化集中在T：180～200oC，P：1～2kbar

Based on the further study of deformation rule of MgO-mixed concrete, the theory of 3-D finite element simulation analysis of MgO-mixed concrete arch dam is discussed in this dissertation combining with the example of YangChun MgO-mixed concrete arch dam. Moreover, the pertinent simulation analysis software is developed by the author and his colleagues. The main contents are as follows.( 1 ) Transformation rules of MgO-mixed concrete are studied. Hyperbola model of MgO-mixed concrete"s autogeny deformation, especially deduce of the model"s parameter and building process of the model are analyzed in detail.

本文结合阳春外掺MgO混凝土拱坝，在深入研究外掺MgO混凝土变形规律的基础上，详细论述了外掺MgO混凝土拱坝三维有限元仿真分析的原理，与相关人员一起研制了有关仿真分析软件，其主要研究内容如下：(1)研究分析了MgO混凝土的变形规律，并重点对MgO混凝土的自生体积变形的双曲线模型，尤其对模型中参数变量的推求及模型的建立过程作了详细分析。

In this model, the skeletal storage coefficient was used for coupling, different storage coefficient were used for the calculation of storage change of aquifer and interbeds, the elastic and inelastic skeletal coefficients were used to account for the elastic and inelastic deformation, a one-dimensional diffusion equation was used for describing the delayed dissipation of unequilibrated heads within the interbeds, these make the model not only be able to simulate the elastic and inelastic deformation of soil, but also the delay phenomenon.

在该模型中，用夹层的骨架弹性储水系数进行地下水流模型和土体变形模型的耦合，用不同的弹性储水系数来计算夹层和含水层内的储水量变化，用夹层的骨架弹性储水系数和非弹性储水系数来体现夹层的弹性和非弹性变形，用扩散方程来描述滞后夹层内的水头分布，从而使模型能够很好地体现夹层的弹性和非弹性压缩，并能同时考虑夹层变形的滞后现象。

From the view of initial deformation,the dual intercrossed iterative method is developed to determine the initial deformations of cables and hangers,sequential method based on initial deformations to simulate the tensioning process in batches,and converse iterative method in sequential anal.

本文从索初始变形的角度出发，针对该类结构的特点，提出了&双重交叉迭代法&确定拉索和吊杆初始变形，索初始变形&顺序分析法&模拟分批张拉施工过程以及索张拉力&顺序分析逆迭代法&解决张拉力已知时的预应力施工过程模拟问题，并将这三种方法进行不同组合，解决各种情况下的多次、分批张拉施工过程分析的问题，由此确立了一套完整的适合该类结构的预应力全过程分析方法。

A spring-block model to forecast the movement of sliding body is presented, in which the deformation and speed inhomogeneousness of sliding mass, the energy conversion and dissipation and the friction on the slip surface are also considered. The deformation of single sliding body in the whole sliding process can be determined by numerical method.

考虑到滑落体滑动过程的速度和变形的不均匀性、变形能的积累与释放以及滑体与滑床的摩擦等，建立了滑落体运动的弹簧滑块模型，该模型通过数值计算的方法可以计算滑落体滑动全过程的变形。

I can still vividly recall the impressive scenes you gave. You were among my friends and relatives who accompanied me from my house to the seaport and when the porters were slow to show up, you obligingly carried my suitcase for me.

你对我的种种感人情意，使我记忆犹新，那天你随着我的亲友从家里送我上轮船，搬运工迟迟不来，你毅然替我提着皮箱上船。

St. Nicholas became the patron saint of Russia, where he was famous for his red cape, flowing white beard, and bishop's mitre.

圣尼古拉成了俄罗斯人的守护神，在那里，他以身披红斗篷，留着飘逸的白胡须，戴着主教法冠而闻名。