变形

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

Examination found a number of major quality problems: First, part of the observed deformation and deformation measurements are not laying a solid reference point, deformation monitoring points do not comply with regulatory requirements; deformation observation, the calculation is not strictly enforce the state standards, such as the base network is not on a regular basis retest , no point will work in conjunction with the reference point for measurement, the standard of measurement stations and other allowable error overrun.

检查中发现了一些主要质量问题：一是部分变形观测与形变测量项目基准点埋设不稳固，变形监测点设置不符合规范要求；变形观测、计算未严格执行国家标准，如基准网未定期复测，未将工作基点与基准点进行联测，水准测量测站限差超限等。

Applied the balanced cross-section technique to explain the characteristics of Kuqa rejuvenated foreland basin nappes and its structural shorten distance, and applied the structural triangle deposition bed discussed the time of structural deformation, that is structural deformation time in north older than in south area in Kuqa depression.

建立了库车再生前陆盆地6种局部构造变形的地质模型；利用平衡剖面技术解释了库车再生前陆冲断带，查明了构造变形特征和地层缩短量；研究了库车再生前陆盆地构造变形时间，探讨了前陆冲断带造山运动的特征和规律，指出库车前陆冲断带构造变形自北(25Ma)向南(2.5Ma)依次变新。

However, they suffer from the problem of stiction, so, how to control the stiction for the successful manufacturing of MEMS segmented deformable micromirrors has become a difficult problem.

然而基于表面加工工艺的微变形镜工艺过程中的粘附问题将成为影响变形镜性能和可靠性的重要因素之一，因此，如何有效控制MEMS微变形镜加工中的粘附问题成为微变形镜制造中的一大难点。

By adjusting the zoom and elevate the sampling rate of the CCD camera, we investigate the details of the PLC deformation bands, including the step-like migration of the band, the mode of avalanche-like shearing deformation and the distribution of the strain in the band.

细致地研究了PLC变形带的空间细节，包括PLC变形带传播的步进过程，PLC变形带带内剧烈剪切变形的模式和应变分布。

A power law between the propagation velocity of the band and the strain is discovered. For the bands of type A and B, which propagate almost continuously, the propagation velocity keeps a good linear increasing trend with the increasing applied strain rate.

分析了应变率和变形对PLC变形带传播行为的影响，发现PLC变形带的传播速度与应变之间符合近似的幂律，对于保持传播中途无驻留现象的A类型和B类型PLC变形带，带的传播速度与应变率很好地满足线性关系。

Following the theory of slip line field , the area is divided into five sections and the distributing situation of the slip line in each section is analysed.

通过对方盒形件塑性变形过程的分析及变形区域内的变形应力分析，采用滑移线场理论的分析方法，把变形区划分为Ⅰ～Ⅴ区域并分析了这些区域的滑移线分布情况，导出了对数螺线的基圆半径和基圆中心位置及力学模型，为方盒形件的毛坯尺寸的确定提供了依据。

In studies of interaction among pile, platform that above it and surrounding soil, this paper employ the concept of plate element to simulate the loading character of platform, and employ the concept of solid element to simulate the character of pile and soil, using the finite element method after understanding the geometry properties of pile, soil and the platform. Analyzing the loading properties of the three entities above and their deformation, this paper also employ a special element, Penalty Element. The introduction of penalty element of this kind has served to guarantee the join harmony of displacement between solid element and plate element, thereby effectively resolving the join problem between platforms, pile that support it and surrounding soil.Considering significant property difference between pile material and its surrounding soil, there may be much shear stress on their contact interface produced under vertical load, thus causing displacement or fission. Therefore it is necessary to adopt one special constitutive law of this kind of contact interface, which can reflect its feature of loading and deformation thoroughly. On the basis of the deformation feature and constitutive laws of some contact interface obtained by Zhang Dongji and people concerned through some single-shear experiments on contact interface between structure and soil, this paper employ one pile-soil three-dimensional constant thickness contact interface model to simulate the " slide" taken place on the interface between pile and its surrounding soil. With this kind model, this paper has also created one finite element model, which can be applied to perform finite element calculation and analyze the pile-loading feature, and deduced its element stiffness matrix.

在承台-桩-土共同作用中，考虑桩与承台的几何特性，采用有限元方法，用实体单元模拟桩土，用板单元模拟承台，更具体地分析桩和承台的受力特性和变形，而且还采用罚单元—既实体单元与板单元之间连接必须满足变形协调条件，来有效地解决了承台与桩土的连接问题，且在桩土共同作用中，由于桩体结构的材料性能与周围土层性质相差较大，在竖向荷载下有可能在其接触面上产生较大的剪应力从而导致错动或开裂，因此，为了充分反映桩土接触面上的受力及变形特征，应采用一种桩土接触面特有的本构关系，即利用张冬霁等人关于结构与土体接触面单剪试验所得到的接触面变形特征及其本构关系，引入桩-土三维等厚度接触单元来模拟桩与桩侧土之间的&滑移&，在此基础上建立可用于桩基承载性状分析的有限元计算单元模型，并推导出了各单元的刚度矩阵。

In addition, the blank holding force that is required to avoid wrinkle and rupture during conical part deep drawing is researched. The necessity of reasonable blank holding force in pressing is expounded. From the view of mechanical analysis, the wrinkle critical condition of side-wall is derived for the first time by the stress state of side-wall, the main deformation region on blank. According to the critical condition of plastic instability for flange, side--wall, corner of punch on blank, The blank holding force in conical part deep drawing is divided into four different regions within its forming figure. The basic principle of reasonable blank holding force during stamping is summarized and provided. The mathematical model of reasonable blank holding force that avoids the wrinkle and rupture is established and verified by the finite element numerical simulation and the grid experiment method. The result shows that it is accurate and reliable.

此外，本文还研究了圆锥形件拉深成形过程中，随着拉深变形过程的进行，毛坯为避免产生起皱、破坏缺陷而对压边力的需求情况，阐明了圆锥形件拉深成形过程中压边力合理变化的必要性；由毛坯主要变形区悬空锥壁部分的受力变形情况，从力学分析的角度，首次推导得出了圆锥形零件悬空锥壁起皱失稳的临界条件；并根据主要变形区法兰、悬空锥壁及凸模圆角部分的塑性失稳临界条件，在其成形范围图中，将圆锥形件成形过程中的压边力划分为四个区域；总结并提出了圆锥形件成形过程中压边力合理变化的基本原则；建立了防止起皱、破坏缺陷产生的压边力合理变化的数学模式，并得到了有限元数值模拟及网格实验法的验证，证实了理论分析结果的正确性和可靠性。

In analysis, the whole deformation system is assumed to be composed of the rigid crosssection deformation, the warping deformation produced by torsion, and the deformation in the direction within the cross-section, in which, the torsional deformation effects are well considered.

以平截面假设所确立的变形和扭转所引起的翘曲变形以及截面内方向的附加变形组成截面上材料的整个变形体系，较好地考虑了扭转内力的翘曲及畸变效应。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。