变异发生

The activities of carboxylesterase、glutathion-S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase per insect increase greatly and the properities of esterase and acetylcholinesterase change also throughout larval development from 1-day-old to 4th instar. The affinity for Asch and the sensitivity to insecticide of acetylcholinesterase in 3rd instar larvae are significantly lower than that in 4-day-old larvae.

幼虫从1日龄生长到4龄时，单头幼虫的羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活力急剧增长，4龄幼虫相对于1日龄幼虫，HJ-R、HD-S上述3种酶系的活力分别增长了148、172.6、65.6倍和203、60.9、77.4倍；生长过程中，全酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶的性质也发生变异，特别是从4日龄生长到3龄时，乙酰胆碱酯酶的米氏常数、双分子速率常数均发生明显的改变，3龄幼虫乙酰胆碱酯酶对底物的亲和力以及对杀虫剂的敏感性显著低于4日龄幼虫。

The results indicated that the treatment of irradiation restrained the growth and differentiation of protocorm, especially to roots.The LD50 is 67.23Gy, because the protocorm is a integrate embryoids and higher tolerance was found. Ploidy analysis showed that most of aberrant seedlings go with the change of DNA and they were not euploid. When the plants trearted by irradiation, some of aberrant seedlings appeared stem forfication, and leaves appeared chlorophyll-deficient or green-white.,probably due to some genes' expression or closing.

结果表明：辐照处理对种胚原球茎的生长和分化有抑制作用，尤其是对根的抑制更为明显；由于种胚原球茎的完整性好，耐受性强，其辐照半致死剂量(LD50)为67.23Gy；流式细胞分析表明，大多数外部形态发生改变的植株其细胞内DNA的倍性发生了改变，出现相当多的非整倍体；此外，辐照产生的变异苗出现茎分叉、叶片缺绿或白绿相间等现象，可能是由于某些基因的表达与关闭引起的。

Apart from body color of puparial cuticle, there were microstructure differences which were found out by scanning electron microscopy. SEM had denser, more packed structure of the puparial exuviae than that of SEW.

扫描电镜分析结果表明，相对于SEW，SEM的蛹表皮结构更加的致密，表明黑化除了引起蛹的体色发生变异外，还引起蛹表皮结构发生了细微的差异。

This study clearly showed that mosaic variation was caused by chlorophyll deficiency mutation of shoot tip histogen layer-Ⅱ;tissue and organs originated from the layer-Ⅱ couldn't synthetize chlorophyll,thus induced albino; the albino variation appeared yellow green mosaic because layer-Ⅱ was displaced by layer-Ⅲ partly.

研究表明，其变异原因是由于茎尖分生组织的L -Ⅱ组织原层发生失绿突变，致使其衍生的组织和器官不能合成叶绿素，从而形成白化现象；又由于L -Ⅱ与L -Ⅲ组织原层层间发生部分代换，致使白化突变呈黄绿镶嵌的花斑。

Moreover, the actual allele frequency of most varieties deviates far from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. All PPB、na 、I、h、Gi and Fst have proved to be the references to elucidate that ISSR is a most powerful tool to analyze genetic diversity, compared with the RAPD marker and the allozyme marker is less strong ordinally. We could divided the 70 samples into A, B, C, D and E five groups using three methods according to genetic distance clustering. There is a bit displacement for few varieties in different clustering maps, but the most are similar to morphological analysis despite that there is still a great difference among cultivars in the same one group. The above results imply that the three methods have the different sensitivity and resolution in genetic distance analysis of close varieties. The Mantel test indicates that the results from the three kinds of markers have the significant correlation, which demonstrates that the number of the used three kinds of markers is enough to exactly detect the diversity of all 70 samples to ideal extent. And these methods can be used to evaluate the diversity of the whole group using the miscellaneous samples instead of the individual sample, of the Gerbera jamesonii are mainly from tissue culture plants. In conclusion, the above study results provide a reference for the application of three kinds of molecular markers to molecular marker-assisted breeding of flower. 2. The genetic diversity among the eight introduced cut-flower varieties of Ranunculus asiatica was analyzed by the ISSR markers. Based on the genetic clustering tree, all the colorful flower varieties are clustered into one group, and the white flower varieties into another group. Moreover, among the former group the yellow flower varieties are clustered into one sub-group, and the reddish flower varieties, such as rose color, pink, nacarat, are clusetered into another sub-group.

由三种分子标记的分析结果可以看出，等位基因平均值、观察杂合度、Fis值、Fit值皆较高，表明非洲菊等位基因较丰富，杂合基因偏多，且绝大部份品种的实际等位基因频率在品种内偏离了Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium；PP8、na、Ⅰ、h、Gi及Fst皆表明，ISSR检测遗传多样性的能力最强，其次是RAPD，等位酶最低；根据遗传距离进行聚类，三种方法都把70个品种分成A、B、C、D、E五个大组，每一组中除少数品种发生位移外，大部份品种分类结果相似，且与形态分析结果有相似性，但在每一组中，品种间的聚类差别较大，表明这三种方法在近距离品种间检测遗传变异时灵敏度及分辨力不同；Mantel检测表明，三种标记的分析结果有显著相关性，表明所用的三种分子方法的标记数量已经可以相对无偏地检测到70个品种间遗传变异；非洲菊为组培苗，三种标记的检测结果皆表明，混合样品可以作为个体样品的代表，对整个居群的遗传多样性进行评价；这些研究结果可为三种分子标记方法在花卉分子辅助育种中的进一步应用提供借鉴。

Over the years, our laboratory hasfound that Zizania DNA introgression could induce a large number of genetic and epigeneticchanges in some introgression lines.

我们实验室的前期工作发现将菰的基因组DNA导入水稻中能诱导水稻基因组获得渐渗杂交系发生广泛的基因组变异和表观遗传变异。

The average percent value of G C (49.3%) was less than that of A T (50.7%), there was a bias of the content of G, T in the third codon; The number of transition G-A and T-C were 22, 15 respectively, which were higher than that of transition A-G and C-T, the number of tranversion C-A, T-G is 2 respectively, and other tranversion patterns didnt occur; the probability of transition was higher than that of tranversion , Ts/Tv = 9.5-19, there was the highest number of transition in the third codon. The gamma parameter a of the lst,nd and 3rd codon positions were 0.00572,0.01237 and 1.05239 respectively, they showed that there was adifferent substitution rate at different codon position. Frequences of synonymous codon usage were relatively biased. The average rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution were 0.0787, 0.0011 respectively, there was a significant difference between dS and dN (Z = 4.713, p.01), and the low ratio( CD = 0.0284 .3) of dN/dS ratio impled that there were selective constraints against the nonsynonymous sites in cyt-b gene, The distribution of nonsynonymous codon substitution pattern related to Grantharm distance indicated that the purified selection at 2nd codon positions was more intensive than that at 1st codon positions. The phylogenetic trees supported the view of the double origin of Chinese goose, which means that domestic Chinese goose was derived from Anser cygnoides and domestic European goose, and Yili was derived from Anser anser.

碱基含量分析可知，序列的G C含量(49.3％)＜A T含量(50.7％)，密码子第三位点的G、T含量都有较强的偏倚性；序列间G→A和T→C的转换数(22次和15次)高于A→G和C→T的转换数(10次和9次)，C→A、T→G颠换数均为2次，其余颠换模式均未发生；转换数明显高于颠换数，Ts／Tv=9.5～19，密码子第三位点的转换数最高，呈现了相当强烈的转换偏倚性；密码子第一、二和三位点的gamma分布参数α值分别为0.00572、0.01237和1.05239，表明密码子第一位点的替换速率变异最大，第二位点次之，第三位点的替换速率变异相对较小；编码同一氨基酸的同义密码子并非随机使用，表现出一定程度的使用偏倚性；同义替换速率和非同义替换速率分别为0.0787和0.0011，dS与dN值间的差异极显著(Z=4.713，p＜0.01)，而ω=0.0284，明显小于0.3，表明雁属鹅细胞色素b基因序列经历了中度净化选择作用；单步非同义替换(Sing-step nonsymonymous codon substitution，SSNCS)分布模式与Grantharm距离之间的关系说明密码子的三个位点所受的净化选择强度不同；构建的最大简约树与邻接树拓扑结构一致，支持中国家鹅的双起源学说，即除伊犁鹅外的其它中国鹅品种起源于鸿雁，伊犁鹅和欧洲的郎德鹅、莱茵鹅起源于灰雁。

For example the original inbred line of K12 is sensitive to the corn worm; though the two times insecticide are used, but the leafages become yellow, the tassel is damaged greatly, so as to the value in use of the high combining ability inbred line is at a discount.

通过M3代田间鉴定表明只有发生粒色变异的穗为真实变异。其株型和雄穗均于ETO群体相似，但株高由ETO原群体350cm降到现在的175cm左右。

The synergies between MTHFR variated genotype and low level of folates intake, high alcohol drinking increase the risk of cardia cancer. The variated genotype is a risk factor of non-cardia gastric cancer. The synergies between genotype and low level of folates intake increase the risk of non-cardia gastric cancer.

MTHFR变异基因型与低叶酸和常饮酒协同增加贲门癌发生的危险，变异基因型是非贲门部胃癌的危险因素，与低叶酸摄入协同增加非贲门部胃癌的危险。

Different variation of 6 agronomic traits were observed in the progenies of different transgenic rice plants.

产生这些变异的主要原因是组织培养过程中发生了体细胞无性系变异，导入外源基因并没有直接影响农艺性状的表达。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。