变变

Fluid strength torque converter although can stepless change the torque in certain scope compared to, but because it exists changes turns between ability and the efficiency contradiction, at present the application fluid strength torque converter generally changes turns the coefficient insufficiently to be all big, satisfies the automobilism request with difficulty, therefore on the high-quality passenger vehicle, widely uses is fluid strength torque converter and the gear type transmission gearbox union composition fluid strength mechanical type variator.

液力变扭器虽然能在一定范围内无级地改变扭矩比，但由于它存在着变扭能力与效率之间的矛盾，目前应用的液力变扭器一般变扭系数都不够大，难以满足汽车使用要求，故在高级轿车上，广泛采用的是液力变扭器与齿轮式变速器联合组成液力机械式无级变速器。

At the same time, the variational stability of bounded variation solutions at the effect of perturbation and non-perturbation for the impulsive differential system are discussed, the Ljapunov type theorems for variational stability and asymptotically variational stability for impulsive differential systems are established.

同时，讨论了在无扰动和有扰动的情况下，这类固定时刻脉冲微分方程有界变差解的变筹稳定性，建立了此类微分系统有界变差解变差稳定性和渐近变界稳定性的两个Ljapunov型定理。

The company is mainly engaged in development, manufacturing, sales instrumentation, instrumentation control valves, wire and cable, cable tray, electrical control cabinets, instrument panel and the optical fiber and cable and other products, after years of product structure adjustment, and has formed WZ series instrumentation including thermal resistance, WR Series thermocouple, WSS series bimetallic thermometer, SWB temperature transmitter, pressure gauge, TYB pressure change delivery device, UHZ level gauge, level transmitter, speed transducer and flow transmitter, instrument control valves, temperature, pressure, flow, speed, level series fieldbus instrumentation products; wire and cable including power cables, high temperature silicon rubber cables, inverter cables, control cables, computer cables, cross-linked power cable, ACSR, fire-retardant cables, heating cables, railway signaling cable, fire cable, marine cable, wire compensation, compensation cables, cable tray series wire and cable products; communications center beam tube fiber optic cable, including fiber optic cable, twisted layer type optical cable, ribbon cable, ADSS fiber optic cable and wiring products; business for many years was rated "provincial contract Shou credit advanced enterprises "," provincial advanced enterprises to pay taxes according to law "," Bank Credit AAA Grade Enterprise "," provincial-level high-tech enterprise "," China Electronics hundred enterprises "," National Association of temperature instrumentation "," National Cable exemption Products "and other honorary titles.

公司主要从事开发、制造、销售仪器仪表、仪表管阀件、电线电缆、电缆桥架、电气控制柜、仪表盘和光纤光缆等产品，经过多年的产品结构调整，已形成仪表包括WZ系列热电阻、WR系列热电偶、WSS系列双金属温度计、SWB温度变送器、压力表、TYB压力变送器、UHZ液位计、液位变送器、速度变送器和流量变送器、仪表管阀件、温度、压力、流量、速度、液位现场总线等系列仪器仪表产品；电线电缆包括电力电缆、高温硅橡胶电缆、变频电缆、控制电缆、计算机电缆、交联电力电缆、钢芯铝绞线、阻燃电缆、伴热电缆、铁路信号电缆、防火电缆、船用电缆、补偿导线、补偿电缆、电缆桥架等系列电线电缆产品；通信光缆包括中心束管光缆、层绞式光缆、带状光缆、ADSS光缆及其配线系列产品；企业连续多年被评为"省级重合同守信用先进企业"、"省级依法纳税先进企业"、"银行资信AAA级企业"、"省级高新技术企业"、"中国电子百强企业"、"全国温度仪表协会理事"、"国家电缆免检产品"等荣誉称号。

In this articl, the background, the thoretical source and the basic content of Cuvis catastrophism are discussed, It is shown that it is not a subjective fabrication by Cuvier, but rather it is inherited from reforming former catastrophic ideas, on the basis of his long-term scientific practic, Therefore it helped to push forward the dvelopment of gology and biology.

本文论述了居维叶灾变论的产生背景，理论来源及其基本内容，证明它并不是居维叶的主观臆造，而是他在长期科学实践基础上对前人灾变思想的继承和改造。因此它对地质学和生物学的发展曾起到巨大推动作用。本文还论述了居维叶灾变论与其它灾变学说的区别；并列举大量现代科学发现证明居维叶所谓的灾变是不可否认的事实，是自然界中具有确定原因的必然发生的历史事件。

A curve coordinate system which is suitable for variable height curved box-girder were established. The flexure, torsion and distortional warping displacement functions were established, and the strain-deformation equations were obtained, a spatial finite element analysis method of trapeziform cross section variable-curvature box-girder with vertical symmetrical axis was also presented.

建立适合于变高度曲线箱梁的曲线坐标系，推导了变曲率、变高度箱梁弯曲、翘曲扭转和畸变的位移方程和应变-位移关系式，提出了具有一个竖直对称轴的变高度变曲率曲线箱梁的薄壁曲梁空间分析有限元方法。

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

As exposed to optics microscope and inverted microscope,compared to control,SW480 cells with Giemsa staining that treated with the H2RA(cimetidine、nizatidine) took on malignance declining as crimpled firstly,cellular bulk and heteromorphism dimimished,the amount of rounded cell manifolded,nucleolus bulk lessened,dyeing thin,the amount of nucleolus decreased,partial cell organs manifest side-gathering phenomenon on chromatin,and the link between SW480 cell is loosened , subsequently partial rounded cell is floated.When the H2RA(cimetidine 40μM、nizatidine 20μM) against SW480 cells after 3 day,SW480 cells change roundly,nucleolus smashed,shrinking nucleolus came into being,and part of those not adhibited cell wall.

在光镜和倒置相差显微镜下，与对照组相比，经姬姆萨染色观察，西咪替丁、尼扎替丁处理的SW480细胞，先发生皱缩，体积变小，异形性减少，细胞变圆数目增多，细胞核变小，染色变淡，核仁数量减少，部分可见染色质边集现象；细胞间连接疏松，随后部分变圆细胞浮起。40μM西咪替丁及20μM尼扎替丁连续处理3天后，SW480细胞全部变圆，细胞核碎裂，固缩微核形成，部分不再贴壁。

Based on the statistical damage evolution equation considering stress damage threshold and the multiple rheological model of gypsum breccias, the damage rheological constitutional model is established from hypothesis of strain equivalence. The calculated results of the model agree well with creep test results.

在Kachanov提出的一维蠕变损伤演化方程的基础上，建立了同时考虑瞬时损伤和蠕变损伤的流变本构模型，理论值与试验值基本一致，验证了提出的蠕变损伤演化方程是正确的，所建的损伤流变模型能够较好地描述石膏角砾岩的加速蠕变阶段。

One is low valence vanadium oxide thin films were deposited by direct current facing target magnetron sputtering firstly, and then thermal oxidated; the other is high valence vanadium oxide thin films were deposited by ion beam sputtering, then thermal deoxidated. Vanadium oxide thin films with phase transition were obtained at the lower thermal process temperature 300℃, which is compatible with MEMS technologys. The composition of VO_x thin film fabricated by first method includes mainly VO_2, V2O3 and VO_, the TCR is -2.25%/K, the TCR gradually increases with phase transition temperature decreases. The composition of VO_x thin film fabricated by the second method includes mainly VO_2, V2O5 and V2O3 , and the resulting VO_x thin filmTCR is -3.0%/K. The TCR of phase transition vanadium oxide thin films made by second method is higher than that made by first method for the existance of V2O5 in thin films.

分别采用直流对靶磁控溅射制备低价态氧化钒薄膜再附加热氧化处理的方式，和射频离子束溅射制备高价氧化钒薄膜附加热还原处理的方式获得了具有相变特性的氧化钒薄膜，第一种方式获得相变特性氧化钒薄膜的热处理温度最低为300℃，克服了以往高温条件下热处理不能与MEMS工艺兼容的缺点；相变特性氧化钒薄膜的组分以VO_2为主，含有V2O3和VO_，室温TCR为-2.25%/K；室温电阻温度系数随相变温度的降低逐渐升高；采用第二种方式获得的相变氧化钒薄膜的组分以VO_2为主，含有V2O5和V2O3，室温TCR可达-3.0%/K；分析发现，具有相变特性的氧化钒薄膜中含有V2O5时，室温电阻温度系数明显增大。

However, in large differential pressure operating conditions, evaporation pressure has eased, the evaporator load requirements of the fluid volume decreased, but the actual situation the contrary, in the suction superheat unchanged, due to evaporation pressure has eased, the evaporator outlet pressure be reduced accordingly, pressure changes above and below the diaphragm, causing the main valve opening increases for increased fluid; but in a small pressure operating conditions, evaporation pressure rise, evaporator load demand for fluid volume increased, but the reality is that in the suction gas superheat unchanged, due to evaporation pressure rise, a corresponding increase in the evaporator outlet pressure, pressure difference above and below the diaphragm smaller, so that the main valve opening decreased for the reduction of liquid volume; in variable load is all about.

但在大压差工况下，蒸发压力降低，蒸发器负荷需求的液量减少，但实际情况相反，在吸气过热度不变的情况下，由于蒸发压力降低，蒸发器出口压力相应降低，膜片上下的压差变大，使主阀开度增大，供液量增加；但在小压差工况下，蒸发压力上升，蒸发器负荷需求的液量增多，但实际情况是在吸气过热度不变的情况下，由于蒸发压力上升，蒸发器出口压力相应提高，膜片上下的压差变小，使主阀开度减小，供液量减少；在变负荷下亦如此。因此热力膨胀阀在变工况下供液量的调节方面需进一步改进。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。