变体的

The shapes of the melting solid surface may be concave, convex or plane, while the perimeter of plane contact regions may be rectangular, circular, elliptical, parabolic and arc curve. The types of relative motion reviewed here are the movement of a solid PCM melting inside a heated capsule, the movement of a hot body through a melting solid medium, slide contact and rolling contact. The contact melting may be caused by temperature difference, pressure difference, friction and viscous heating. Finally, the research regions in the future are summarized.

内容包括各种形式的接触熔化，可归纳为：在接触形状上可以有凹、凸与平的面，而接触的周长可以是矩形、圆形、椭圆形、抛物线形与弧形曲线；相对运动的类型有固体相变材料在加热容器内熔化，加热体通过熔化固体介质的运动，滑动接触与滚、转动接触；引起接触熔化的原因有温差、压力差、摩擦与粘性热。

The results show that dynamic softening is easy to occur in these ingots and flow stress becomes steady finally; the material constants of hot deformation are procedural parameters that stress-level coefficient α, strain rate sensibility exponent m and deformation activation energy Q are all increased with strain increasing, while stress exponent n is decreased gradually; the values α and m of the alloy homogenized are the biggest and the value n is the smallest, dynamic softening effect of the alloy is the most obvious, which can deform evenly; influence of strain on the value Q of the alloy homogenized is a little and the average value of Q is only 176.5kJ/mol, so the alloy is easy to deform; the alloy matrix shows the regular recrystallization grains when the strain is 50%; dislocation cell structure re-formed in the grains with increase of strain.

结果表明：经不同处理的Al-1Mn-1Mg合金均易发生动态软化并最终呈现稳态流变特征；热变形材料常数是过程量，随应变量的增加，应力水平参数α、应变速率敏感性指数m和热变形激活能 Q 随之增大，而应力指数 n 则逐渐减小；均匀化退火后，铝合金的α和m值最大而n值最小，动态软化效果最明显且变形均匀，在该状态下，铝合金的 Q 值受变形量影响小，平均仅为176.5kJ/mol，易进行热变形；当应变量为0.7时，基体呈现规则的再结晶晶粒组织，随着应变量的增加，晶内重新形成了位错胞结构。

In order to meet the demand of precise measurement and applications, the principle of phase retardation with oblique incident angle is expounded, based on the total-reflection phase transformation theory of the phase retardation. By means of Fresnel rhomb, the variation law of the phase retardation for rhomb-type retarder with the incident angle is analyzed. The result indicates that incident angle has obvious influence over the phase retardation.The phase retardation is sensitive to the incident angle, and also has close correlation to incident position of the incident ray, which is asymmetrical to the incident position of the incident ray.

为满足精确应用和测量的需求，从相位延迟的全反射相变理论出发，阐述了斜入射相位延迟原理，以菲涅耳菱体为例，分析了菱体型相位延迟器相位延迟随其入射角变化的规律性，结果表明：当光线非严格准直时，光的入射角对相位延迟量有明显的影响，延迟量不但对入射角变化敏感，而且还与入射光线的入射方位密切相关，呈不对称形式。

In order to study characteristics of the early signal with TEM, the authors formulated self-induction formulae for single coil and multi-turn coils, deduced theoretical expressions for the amplitude of the loop self-induction signal, and gave the induction of single coil and multi-axial coils. The response curve of buried object affected by the coils nod the length of loop's change are also studied.

为研究瞬变电磁早期信号的特性，讨论了多匝线圈与单匝线圈的自感系数的关系，得出线圈自感信号振幅的理论表达式，推导了单匝和多匝回线的电感公式，分析了回线匝数和回线边长的变化对目标体响应曲线的影响。

Three kinds of cutting material were selected to machine stainless steel machining experiment such as ceramic cutting tools, cermets cutting tools and coated carbide cutting tools, in which the best range of each kind of tool material was founded. For example, LT55 was suitable to be machine lCrl8Ni9Ti as the cutting speed surpasses 120m/min and have a good wearable property.(3) Surface roughness was measured under different cutting conditions. Feed rate played the most important role in impacting surface roughness, and then cutting speed.(4) Chip patterns in different cutting speed with various cutting materials were analyzed. With the increase of turning speed, chip became shorter and was easy to be broken. For instance, serration chip appeared in high sped turning stainless steel with LT55;(5) Work hardening of austenitic stainless steel was analyzed.

陶瓷刀具LT55适合在Vc=120m/min以上切削加工不锈钢，耐磨性好；③通过试验研究了不同刀具材料高速车削加工1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢时的表面粗糙度，其中进给量对表面粗糙度的影响最为显著，其次为切削速度；④分析了不同刀具材料在不同切削速度下加工1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的切屑形态，随着车削速度的提高，切屑变短且易断屑，其中LT55陶瓷刀具切削加工时产生了锯齿状切屑；⑤分析了奥氏体不锈钢的加工硬化机理及其对刀具磨损的影响；⑥根据试验结果分析在不同切削条件下切削不锈钢的刀具磨损形式及其磨损机理。

In summary, we used the following tools during this study: 183 degree fish-eye lens, the rotation tripod which takes the lens as the center of rotation and the self-developed software which can transform the fish eye image to the spherical panorama images. The whole spherical panorama images can then be created seamlessly and conveniently for the real estate usage on the Internet and some case studies are shown in this thesis.

总而言之，使用183度鱼眼广角镜头、以镜头为旋转中心的定位云台和将广角影像转换成球形全景影像的制作软体，就可以方便地将某空间各角度的影像撷取至球形全景影像，完整的制作过程可以变得相当简易及平顺，并且基於本研究所制作的房地产实例也证实了本研究的实用性。

The spindle flowmeter and the especially designed totalizer highly improve the precision of measurement , and the measuring system made up of them is very easy to use.

采用纺锤体流量计作为测量前端，成功的解决了传统节流装置测量精度低、压力损失大等缺陷，配以专用的积算仪系统，不仅避免了通用变送器与通用积算仪之间多次A/D、D/A转换所造成的精度损失，提高了测量精度，还简化了系统结构，使仪表的安装更加方便，具有很高的实用价值。

Hyphae, loaded with CTC under pH 6. 8 condition and then grown in pH 8. 0 medium for a little while to destroy the apical acidification, could gave very diffuse fluorescence images of CTC membrame bound Ca〓 and vermiform fluorescence spots due to mitochondrias under pH 6. 8 no longer were clearly distinquished, which implied that besides mitochondrias, other cellular organelles with Ca〓 also were stained with CTC. Thus mitochondrias are not the only one intracellular Ca〓 storage, endoplasmic reticulums and Golgi bodies in the same zone may be also the Ca〓 storages. But the extreme apical zone under 2μm of the growing hyphal tip was still almost devoid of stain under pH 8. 0.The CTC fluorescence was concentrated in the subapic zone beyond about 2μm from the tip and then gradually became lower behind about 40μm from the tip. These results did not support the hypothesis which suggested that the cell wall vesicles in the extreme apical zone were intracellular Ca〓 storages.

将菌丝在pH6.8条件下负载CTC，再置于pH8.0培养介质中短暂生长一会儿以消散菌丝顶端的酸化区域，则CTC膜结合Ca〓呈现弥散的荧光影像，在pH 6.8培养条件下显示的蠕虫状的线粒体荧光斑点不再能够清晰辨认，说明除了线粒体之外，还有其它含Ca〓细胞器，也被CTC染色，线粒体并不是细胞内唯一Ca〓库，还可能包括内质网、高尔基体等细胞器，但菌丝最顶端2μm以前的细胞壁泡囊区域不能被染色，最大荧光强度仍位于菌丝顶端2μm以后区域，约45μm以后荧光变弱，实验结果不支持细胞壁泡囊为菌丝胞内Ca〓库的假设。

The experimental results are shown that the microstructure of QT600-3 by CO_2 laser quenching is Aphanitic Martensite+Graphite,and residual stresses are all compressive,which is above 120 MPa,they increase with laser power.

结果表明：经CO_2激光淬火后QT600-3的显微组织为隐晶马氏体+石墨，残余应力均为压应力，其值在120 MPa以上，且随着功率的增大而增加；相变层深度随着扫描速率和光斑直径的增加而减小，且随着功率的增大而增加；激光淬火后的材料组织结构比较均匀，有利于提高凸轮轴的使用寿命。

The microstructure evolution, precipitation behavior of carbonitride as microalloying element and its effects on deformation induced ferrite transformation of mild steels with various Nb, V content were investigated on a Gleeble 1500 thermechanical simulator through multi-pass thermo-compression in the temperature range of 820~790℃ to simulate the finish rolling process of plates.

在Gleeble 1500热模拟机上，通过820~790℃温度范围内的多道次热压缩变形模拟了中厚板的精轧工艺，考察了不同铌、钒含量的低碳钢的组织演变过程、微合金元素的碳氮化物的析出行为和对形变诱导铁素体相变的影响。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失