受约人

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

In the event of the Borrower being a firm and new partners being admitted thereto the existing partners shall remain liable hereunder and shall procure that such new partner shall adopt and be bound by this Legal Charge/Mortgage as if he had originally been a party thereto

如借款人为商号并有新合夥人加入，则现行合夥人仍须根据本契据负上法律责任，并须促使新合夥人采纳本法律押记／按揭并受其约束，犹如新合夥人原来已是本法律押记／按揭的立约人一样

The existence of a written contract depends on the fact that the offerer and offeree have interchanged their written expressions, not on the continued existence of those expressions.

书面合同的存在取决于要约人和受约人之间交流了书面表达之事实，而非那些表达的继续存在。

If it is necessary that the minds of the parties meet, there will be no contract until the acceptance can be read; none, for example, if the acceptance be snatched from the hand of the offerer by a third person.

倘若有必要双方的意思会合的话，那么直到受约被阅读以前，合同就不存在；比如假使受约信涵被第三人从要约人手中抢走，契约就不存在。

See § 31. hence it has sometimes been said that consideration must consist of a "benefit to the promisor" or a "detriment to the promisee"; it has frequently been claimed that there was no consideration because the economic value given in exchange was much less than that of the promise or the promised performance;"mutuality of obligation" has been said to be essential to a contract.

参见第31条。因此，约因有时会被认为必须由"允诺人的利益"或者"受允诺人的损害"构成；经常会有这样的主张：因为所交换的经济价值要远远少于允诺或者被允诺的履行中的经济价值，所以约因并不存在："义务的均等"被认为对一个契约而言具有必要性。

Willensbet tigung system can protect legitimate interest of promisee .

意思实现制度能够周到地保护受约人的合法权益。

Hence it has sometimes been said that consideration must consist of a "benefit to the promisor" or a "detriment to the promisee"; it has frequently been claimed that there was no consideration because the economic value given in exchange was much less than that of the promise or the promised performance;"mutuality of obligation" has been said to be essential to a contract.

参见第31条。因此，约因有时会被认为必须由"允诺人的利益"或者"受允诺人的损害"构成；经常会有这样的主张：因为所交换的经济价值要远远少于允诺或者被允诺的履行中的经济价值，所以约因并不存在："义务的均等"被认为对一个契约而言具有必要性。

Myrick in 1809 established an important doctrine of consideration: the performance of existing contractual duty cannot be consideration. Another case of Williams v. Roffey Bros ＆ Nicholls Ltd

Myriek案确立了重要的约因法则——受诺人对已存义务的履行不能作为新的允诺的约因，这实质上在很大程度上否认了契约变更的效力。

Heberites, Eberites, Hebreians, descendants of biblical Patriarch Eber;, Standard Hebrew Ivrim, Tiberian Hebrew Irm; also Standard Hebrew Ivriyyim, Tiberian Hebrew Iriyym were who lived in the Levant (the area now forms the geographical region of Palestine, Sinai, and the costal portions of Syria), which was politically Canaan when they first arrived in the area.

阿马尔纳信札》被成功解读后。若干学者急切地判定信札中谈到的&哈比鲁人&就是希伯来人。特别是信札中的&哈比鲁人&被称作游牧民、袭击者和歹徒。这与圣经旧约中，对受约书亚领导征服迦南的希伯来人的相关描述特别契合。

Instead of compelling promisors to perform their promise, the American system of contract remedies is designed to encourage promisees to rely on the promise of others and to provide relief to them in case of broken promise.

美国的合同救济制度旨在鼓励受约人信赖他人的允诺并且在立约人背弃允诺的时候提供救济，而不是强迫立约人来履行他的允诺。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。