受精核

Zebrafish, androgenesis, female nucleus inactivation, UV, delayed fertilization

斑马鱼；雄核发育；雌核灭活；紫外线；延迟受精

The secondary nuclei can fertilize normally and form nuclear type endosperm while some constitute cellular endosperm, All of them degenerate 12 days after pollination,with the result of the ovules being aborted earlier while the arillus still occur and develop into seedless fruit finally.

次生核虽正常受精，并产生核型胚乳，有的还能发育到细胞型胚，到 12d左右也完全退化。结果导致胚珠极早败育，但假种皮仍能发生发育，最终形成无核果实

On the basis of this system andpreviously morphological, physiological and biochemical studies on cucumber in vitrogynogenesis. Materials from both typical gynogenesis using M99 as induction medium andnon gynogenesis using W5 as induction medium were collected. The activities anddistribution of peroxidase and its isoenzymes, content of soluble protein and distribution of allprotein during early stage of cucumber in vitro gynogenesis and non gynogenesis wereinvestigated by biochemistry and histochemistry technology.

本试验在前期有关离体黄瓜雌核发育形态学和生理生化研究的基础上，以诱导离体雌核发育的 M99 培养基上和非雌核发育的 W5 培养基上培养的黄瓜未受精子房为试材，采用生物化学技术和组织化学技术，深入研究了离体雌核发育早期外植体内的标志酶——过氧化物酶及其同工酶的活性及分布的变化、可溶性蛋白质的含量和总蛋白质分布的变化及核酸和多糖分布的变化，为揭示离体雌核发育早期的细胞分化机制提供科学依据。

Nuclear changes in gynogenetic eggs of the scallop were examined under a fluorescence microscope during meiosis and fertilization, indicating that UV-irradiated sperm nucleus did not participate in the karyokinesis at anaphase of the first cleavage.

运用荧光显微镜观察探讨了栉孔扇贝雌核发育卵子在受精和成熟分裂过程中的核相变化，发现UV照射精核不参与核分裂，首次提供了栉孔扇贝雌核发育的细胞学证据。

At fertilization one male nucleus fuses with the gee nucleus to form the zygote, while the second male nucleus fuses with the primary endosperm nucleus to form a triploid cell, or more rarely a second diploid or a pentaploid cell that later gives rise to the ENDOSPERM.

受精作用发生时，一个精核与卵核融合形成受精卵，第二个精核与最初胚乳核融合，形成三倍体细胞，偶而也形成第二个二倍体或五倍体细胞，三倍体细胞最后发育为胚乳。

Double fertilization The fusion of one pollen nucleus with the egg to form the zygote and of the other pollen nucleus with a polar nucleus to form the triploid endosperm nucleus.

双受精：指花粉粒中的一个精子与胚珠中的卵细胞结合形成受精卵，另一个精核与极核结合形成三倍体的胚乳核。

The porine is the polyembryony animal, many obtains the ovocyte from the porine ovary although but the maturity quite to be low; Because the ROSI technology is does not have to grow the mature sole round sperm cell to pour into directly completely in the ovicell nature, jumped over the spermatozoon in to pass through the physiology and the biochemistry, if the ovicell nature mature or the activation degree were insufficient, added the round immature sperm cell maturity quite inferior reason, very possibly Causes the ROSI micro fertilization defeat.

猪是多胎动物，从猪卵巢上获得的卵母细胞数量虽然较多，但成熟度比较低；由于ROSI技术是将没有完全发育成熟的单一圆形精细胞直接注入卵胞质内，跳越了精子在穿过透明带和卵质膜等过程中所发生的生理和生化反应；如果卵胞质成熟或活化程度不够，加之圆形未成熟精细胞成熟度比较差等原因，很可能造成ROSI受精的卵母细胞内部激活因子蓄积减少和生成不足，引起精核解聚困难、精圆核不能形成、第二极体不能排出、卵母细胞孤雌发育率增加等，使ROSI显微受精失败。

It takes about 0.5 h for a pollen tube from germination to arrive at the micropyle. About 0.5 h after pollination, the pollen tube releases two sperms into one synergid. At 0.5-2.5 h after pollination, the egg cell fuses with one sperm to form a zygote. About 10.0 h after pollination, the division of the zygote begins. The duration of the zygote lasts about 2.5-10.0 h. However, one sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei at 1.0-3.0 h after pollination, and 5.0 h after pollination the primary endosperm nucleus begins to divide.

水稻受精过程经历的时间表如下：授粉后，花粉在柱头萌发；花粉萌发至花粉管进入珠孔大约需要0.5小时；授粉后0.5小时左右，花粉管进入一个助细胞，释放精子；授粉后0.5-2.5小时，精卵融合形成合子；授粉后约10.0小时，合子第1次分裂，合子期为授粉后2.5-10.0小时；授粉后1.0-3.0小时，精核与两极核融合；授粉后约5.0小时，初生胚乳核分裂。

In the present study, we collected cumulus cells oocyte complex from ovaries of two different strain mice. The cumulusenclosed oocytes were cultured for 6 h in MEM supplemented with growth factor and FSH. The meiotic maturation of these oocytes has progressed to pro-metaphse Ⅰ stage and the condensed chromosomes are visible under DIC microscope, metaphase Ⅰ spindle even can be detected under Polscope. The metaphase Ⅰ spindles of oocytes were exchanged under such microscopes. After electric stimuli, 91. 6% and 91. 6% karyoplasts-cytoplasm pairs were fused respectively. The resulting oocytes were cultured further in MEM and over 80% of oocytes released the first polar body. 79% and 77% of oocytes formed two pronuclei after in vitro fertilization and the embryos were cultured in KSOM supplemented with amino acids. Over 60% of embryos developed to blastocyst stage.

在本研究中我们在取得两种不同品系小鼠的卵丘卵母细胞复合体后，先将卵丘卵母细胞复合体置于含有多种生长因子和激素的MEM培养液中培养6小时，此时卵母细胞已进入第一次减数分裂的前中期，并且在DIC倒置显微镜下可以看到浓缩的染色体，用Polscope可以发现明显的纺锤体，借助这种显微镜通过显微操作将两种不同品系小鼠来源的卵母细胞的MI纺锤体进行互换，经过三次直流电脉冲作用后，分别有91.6％的胞质—MI核质体对融合，经过进一步的培养后，超过80％的重组卵母细胞排出第一极体，体外受精后分别有79％和77％的重组卵形成双原核，受精后的胚胎在KSOM胚胎培养液中体外培养4天后，超过60％的胚胎发育至囊胚。

The results show that: 1 supplementation of protein to maturation media improves cumulus expansion in vitro compared to the protein-free control, but cumulus expansion is not necessarily related to oocyte nuclear maturation in pigs, and cumulus expansion is not the criterae for determination of nuclear maturation of pig oocytes, but only the exclusion of the first polar body; 2 exposure of pig COCs to hormone supplements for 23-24 hours improved cumulus expansion but had no significant effect on nuclear maturation compared to that for 46-48 hours; 3 under our research conditions, supplementation of different proteins into different maturation media has different effects on porcine oocyte nuclear maturation, but has no significant effect on subsequent embryonic development after IVF; 4 the nuclear maturation rates of pig oocytes matured in mTCM+pFF and mNCSU+pFF are superior than that in mNCSU+FCS; 5 different maturation media have no effect on pig oocyte cumulus expansion and subsequent embryonic development after IVF.

结果显示：(1)在成熟液中添加蛋白质可以加强卵丘细胞的扩散，但猪卵母细胞的核成熟与其周围的卵丘细胞扩展没有必然的联系，卵丘细胞扩散或成放射状不宜作为猪卵母细胞核成熟的标准，只有排出第一极体才能作为猪卵母细胞核成熟的标志；(2)在猪COCs的46-48小时成熟培养的后23-24小时阶段去除成熟液中的激素不但可以保证卵母细胞的核成熟率，而且可加强卵丘细胞的扩散；(3)在现有实验条件下，在mTCM和mNCSU中添加10％pFF与在mNCSU中添加10％FCS相比可获得较高的猪卵母细胞核成熟率；(4)在不同的成熟液中添加不同的蛋白质对猪卵母细胞核成熟率的影响效果不一样，但对体外受精后的早期胚胎发育影响不明显；(5)成熟液种类对猪卵母细胞的卵丘细胞扩散和体外受精后的早期胚胎发育无显著影响。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。