受损害

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

The application scope of spirit indemnity includes the following three aspects,which are decreases of spirit benefits caused by the infringement of spirit personality , corporality personality and rights and interests with spirit values.

精神损害赔偿的适用范围包括精神性人格权受侵犯，致精神利益减损的、物质性人格权受侵犯，致精神利益减损的、侵犯具有精神性价值的财产权益而致精神利益减损的等三个方面。

This article is mainly a discussion on the spiritual damage compensation for close relatives of victim under the situations of damage to right of life, damage to the right of health and damage to the right of personality of the dead, which is based on an introduction and comparison of the concerned foreign legal regulations and academic theories and in combination with the legal practice in China Wherefore the author put forwards his own ideas as following: first, Under the condition that there is a distance of time between injury and death, the close relatives of the dead shall inherit the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation of the dead for the suffering before his death, in addition to their own intrinsic right of claim for spiritual damage compensation; The second, under the condition that the inflictor has caused the disablement of the sufferer or serious damage to his health, the close relative in a limited cycle of the sufferer should be granted with the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation, which is confirmed in law and becomes a practice in foreign countries; The third, since the aim of the law to protect the personality of the dead from infringement is to protect the benefits of the close relatives of the dead and to maintain public benefits, is constituted on the personality of the dead the close relative of the dead may initial legal proceeding for spiritual damage compensation.

探讨以介绍和比较国外相关法律规定和学术理论为前提，结合我国的实际情况，从理论与实践相结合的角度对以上各问题分别进行了分析，并提出了作者自己的一些见解：第一、在公民从受伤害到死亡有一段时间距离的情形下，死者的近亲属除依法享有其固有的精神损害赔偿请求权以外，还可以继承死者生前就其所受之精神损害而享有的精神损害赔偿请求权；第二、在加害人的行为已造成直接受害人残疾，或者是造成其健康严重受损的其他后果的情形下，我国应在借鉴国外已有立法和判例的基础上，赋予一定范围内的受害人近亲属以精神损害赔偿请求权；第三、法律保护死者人格不受侵害的目的是为了保护死者近亲属的利益和维护公共利益，一般情形下，只要死者近亲属能证明其诉讼主体的合法性，能够证实侵害"死者人格"的行为已构成侵权，即可推定死者近亲属因此而遭受了精神痛苦——无须举证的"名义上的精神损害"，死者近亲属即可提起精神损害赔偿之诉。

In a previous case, concerning the book, The God-Men, the courts ruled that Witness Lee and the local churches had been libeled and defamed. Damages were awarded.

在先前有关「神人」诉讼一案，法院判决李常受和地方教会遭受诽谤和名誉之损害，并获得损害赔偿。

Part three mainly explores therelationship between risk bearing and concerning systems,putting forward opinions such as that iffault guarantee liability of goods is not the obstacle of the transference of risk bearing,transference of risk bearing is not the obstacle of fault guarantee liability of goods;if the sellerdelivers the object to the delivery place according to the contract or the legal provisions while thebuyer does't accept the goods according to the agreement,or the goal of contract can't beachieved because that the object's quanlity can meet the requirement of the contract,the buyerrefuses to accept the object or rescinds the contract,the occupant has the obligation to keep it ingood condition and prevent the enlargement of damage or ease the damage according to theprinciple of good faith.

第二节，主要探讨了风险负担与相关制度的关系。如认为物的瑕疵担保责任不阻碍风险负担的移转，风险负担的移转亦不排斥物的瑕疵担保责任；在出卖人按照约定或依照法律的规定将标的物置于交货地点而买受人违反约定没有收取时，或者因标的物质量不符合质量要求，致使不能实现合同目的的，买受人拒绝接受标的物或解除合同的，货物的占有者或代为保管者基于诚实信用的原则应尽妥善保管的义务，防止损害的扩大或减轻损害。

Government would be subsidizing the interest rate to the injury of borrowers and to the detriment of other segments of the economy.

政府将为那些借贷者所受的损害和经济中其它受到损害的群体给予利率上的补贴。

This paper points the problems exist in various kinds of insurable interests and their relations through cases.Through the study this paper conclude that the insurable interest is the key system of the property insurance and insurance law. Our country did not take care of this theory and practice in the past, but now, we should pay close attention to this system, because it related to insurance contract of property effect, overlap insurance, excess insurance, damage and indemnity. So we should add insurable interest clause in the insurance contract. It will be easy to confirm who should be indemnified and how about the harm.

本文基于研究认为，财产保险利益是保险制度和保险法中的核心制度，过去我们国家在理论和实践中不注意该问题，但在保险法完善的过程中，应高度重视该制度，因为他涉及财产保险合同的效力、重复保险、超额保险、保险损害和保险补偿，所以应当在保险合同中增加保险利益条款，从而便于确定受补偿人、保险损害、保险事故、重复保险和补偿范围。

This article is mainly a discussion on the spiritual damage compensation for close relatives of victim under the situations of damage to right of life, damage to the right of health and damage to the right of personality of the dead, which is based on an introduction and comparison of the concerned foreign legal regulations and academic theories and in combination with the legal practice in China Wherefore the author put forwards his own ideas as following: first, Under the condition that there is a distance of time between injury and death, the close relatives of the dead shall inherit the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation of the dead for the suffering before his death, in addition to their own intrinsic right of claim for spiritual damage compensation; The second, under the condition that the inflictor has caused the disablement of the sufferer or serious damage to his health, the close relative in a limited cycle of the sufferer should be granted with the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation, which is confirmed in law and becomes a practice in foreign countries; The third, since the aim of the law to protect the personality of the dead from infringement is to protect the benefits of the close relatives of the dead and to maintain public benefits, is constituted on the personality of the dead the close relative of the dead may initial legal proceeding for spiritual damage compensation.

探讨以介绍和比较国外相关法律规定和学术理论为前提，结合我国的实际情况，从理论与实践相结合的角度对以上各问题分别进行了分析，并提出了作者自己的一些见解：第一、在公民从受伤害到死亡有一段时间距离的情形下，死者的近亲属除依法享有其固有的精神损害赔偿请求权以外，还可以继承死者生前就其所受之精神损害而享有的精神损害赔偿请求权；第二、在加害人的行为已造成直接受害人残疾，或者是造成其健康严重受损的其他后果的情形下，我国应在借鉴国外已有立法和判例的基础上，赋予一定范围内的受害人近亲属以精神损害赔偿请求权；第三、法律保护死者人格不受侵害的目的是为了保护死者近亲属的利益和维护公共利益，一般情形下，只要死者近亲属能证明其诉讼主体的合法性，能够证实侵害&死者人格&的行为已构成侵权，即可推定死者近亲属因此而遭受了精神痛苦——无须举证的&名义上的精神损害&，死者近亲属即可提起精神损害赔偿之诉。

EXCLUSIONS 4 In no case shall this insurance cover 4.1 loss damage or expense attributable to wilful misconduct of the Assured 4.2 ordinary leakage, ordinary loss in weight or volume, or ordinary wear and tear of the subject-matter insured 4.3 loss damage or expense caused by insufficiency or unsuitability of packing or preparation of the subject-matter insured (for the purpose of this clause 4.3 "packing" shall be deemed to include stowage in a container or liftvan but only when such stowage is carried out prior to attachment of this insurance or by the Assured or their servants) 4.4 loss damage or expense caused by inherent vice or nature of the subject-matter insured 4.5 loss damage or expense proximately caused by delay, even though the delay be caused by a risk insured against (except expenses payable under Clause 2 above) 4.6 loss damage or expense arising from insolvency or financial default of the owners managers charterers or operators of the vessel 4.7 deliberate damage to or deliberate destruction of the subject-matter insured or any part thereof by the wrongful act of any person or persons 4.8 loss damage or expense arising from the use of any weapon of war employing atomic or nuclear fission and/or fusion or other like reaction or radioactive force or matter.

EXCLUSIONS 4在任何情况下都不得这个保险 4.1损失损害或费用的原因故意的不当行为的保证 4.2普通渗漏，普通的损失重量或体积，或普通磨损的标的物投保 4.3损坏或丢失所造成的费用不足或不适合的包装或准备受保标的物（目的是这一条款4.3 &包装&应视为包括存放在容器或liftvan但只有当这些堆放进行之前扣押保险或担保或其雇员） 4.4损坏或丢失所造成的牺牲固有的副总裁或性质的标的物投保 4.5损坏或损失近牺牲所造成的延误，即使是延迟所造成的风险保险（除费用缴付根据第2段） 4.6损失损害或费用所产生的破产或财务预设的业主管理人员承租人或经营者的船只 4.7故意损坏或蓄意破坏受保标的物或其任何部分的不法行为，任何人 4.8损失损害或费用的使用中出现的任何战争武器的使用原子或核裂变和/或融合或其他类似反应或放射性武力或事项。

The rule of contributory negligence is applied when the following are satisfied,(1) the aggrieved party is in default concerning the loss suffered, and (2) his defaulting acts contribute to that loss.

损益相抵规则的适用条件有三，一是违约损害赔偿之债已经成立，二是受害方受有利益，三是违约行为和利益之间具有因果关系；损益相抵专属于损害赔偿问题，在抽象损害赔偿和具体损害赔偿中都有其适用。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。