受损失

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

Subject to any express provision in the policy, where there is apartial loss of freight, the measure of indemnity is such proportion of thesum fixed by the policy, in the case of a valued policy or of the insurablevalue, in the case of an unvalued policy, as the proportion of freight lostthe policy.

受本保险任何明示规定的制约，在发生，运费部分损失之场合，赔偿限额为：对定值保险单而言，按保险单上载明的保险金额或保险价值的比例；就不定值保险单而论，按被保险人遭受的运费损失与根据保险单被保险人处于风险中的全部运费比例。

Subject to any express provision in the policy, where there is a partial loss of freight, the measure of indemnity is such proportion of the su m fixed by the policy, in the case of a valued policy or of the insurable value, in the case of an unvalued policy, as the proportion of freight lost by the assured bears to the whole freight at the risk of the assured under the policy.

受本保险任何明示规定的制约，在发生运费部分损失之场合，赔偿限额为：对定值保险单而言，按保险单上载明的保险金额或保险价值的比例；就不定值保险单而论，按被保险人遭受的运费损失与根据保险单被保险人处于风险中的全部运费比例。

By the attenuation of the scattering factor, UV reaching the Earth′s surface is 23.89 W·m-2 which contributes about 62.55% of surface UV.

华北地区受水汽因子和散射因子影响损失于大气中的UV分别为19.30、35.31 W·m-2，这一能量损失表现出明显的季节变化和地区差异。

In the court,the seller holds the opinion that the buyer is bound by the contract and should pay the compensation,while the buyer insists that the contract is obligating both the seller and YP,instead of itself,an agent.

在庭审中，卖方认为买方应受本案合同约束，要求其赔偿经济损失，买方认为，本案合同应直接约束卖方和委托人YP公司，因为自己只是受托人。

Both-to-Blame Collision Clause.

双方有责碰撞条款如果船舶由于他船疏忽以及本船船长、船员、引航员或承运人的受雇人在驾驶或管理船舶中的行为、疏忽或不履行职责而与他船碰撞，则本船的货物所有人应就他船亦即非本船货物所有人所载货物的船舶或该船舶所有人所受一切损失或所负一切赔偿责任，给予本船承运人赔偿。

1 "Force majeure events" refer to objective situations that cannot be foreseen and avoided, such as natural disasters, government behaviors, and abnormal phenomena of the society. If one party can not fulfill the obligation of the contract due to force majeure events, it should notify the other partyin fifteen days after the come-out of the event. The two parties should try their best to reduce loss. If any force majeure event causes one party's failure or delay in fulfilling its obligation, it is not taken as breaking the contract. The party who claims loss of capability of fulfilling the contractshould take proper measures to reduce as much as possible or eliminate the impact of the force majeure event and try to resume its fulfillment of the obligation as soon as possible.

7.1 &不可抗力事件&指不能预见、无法避免且不能克服的客观情况，如：自然灾害、政府行为，或社会异常现象；若一方因不可抗力事件而不能履行本合同所规定的义务，该方应在不可抗力事件发生后十五天内书面通知另一方，双方应尽其最大可能地减少损失；若发生不可抗力事件，一方无需对因不能履行或损失承担责任，并且此种履行失败、迟延，不得视作对本合同的违约，声称因不可抗力事件丧失履行能力的一方应采取适当措施最大限度减少或消除不可抗力事件的影响，并在尽可能短的时间内尝试恢复履行受不可抗力事件影响的义务。

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES OFLAW RELATING TO MARITIME LIENS AND MORTGAGES, 1926

就船舶所受未经修复的物质损失，应付与船舶所有人的赔偿金，或运费损失的赔偿金

When enhancing marginal tax rate, self-employer will endure relatively large utility loss, which will cause the profession more popular and less activity to establish this kind of self-employed mini enterprises. When enhancing average tax rate, self-employer will enjoy relatively large utility increase, which will cause the profession more popular and more activity to establish this kind of self-employed mini enterprises.

边际税率提高时自我雇佣者的效用损失相对较大，所以被雇佣这个职业更受人们欢迎，人们创建以投资者自我雇佣为主的微型企业的积极性不会很大；平均税率提高时自我雇佣者的效用增加相对较大，所以自我雇佣这个职业更受人们欢迎，将会有更多的人去创建和投资以自我雇佣为主的微型企业。

The ancient city is taken; the Russian army suffers greater losses than were ever suffered by the opposing armies in the previous wars from Austerlitz to Wagram.

京城沦陷，俄军的损失比敌军先前从奥斯特利茨到瓦格拉木历次战争所受的损失还惨重。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。