取向

The tracing of the knowledge structure of the Ancient Judge can depart from three different points:firstly,the knowledge having been possessed before one became judge,which can be examined in the subjects and their contents of the imperial examinations;secondly,the professional knowledge necessary for an ancient judge to carry out his job,which can be known by studying the empanelment of Ancient Judge and the basic requirement of the subjects tested;thirdly,the knowledge tropism of Ancient Judge as a whole,which can be understood by analyzing how the state and judge clear up the judicial risks.

探寻刑官的知识结构，可以从三个角度出发：其一是刑官任官前的一般知识储备，这可以从科举考试的科目及内容出发；其二是刑官行使职权所需要的专业性知识，这可以从国家对各级刑官制度化的选任和考课的基本要求来分析；其三是刑官总体的知识取向，这可以从国家和刑官本人如何消解司法风险来分析。

Human beings are living and existentially experiencing, we must not be confined in metaphsical world while neglecting the vitality of individuals; and as literature is the expression of human aesthetic experiences, the mechanical positive method preffered by the French School of comparative literary studies is also insufficient.

任何社会群体（无论其为国家、民族还是更为狭小的社会集团）都是由活生生的个体生存组成的，群体的变革事实上只能归因于其中个体成员的文化生存模式和价值取向的变革。

This research is qualitative-research oriented, investigating into the basic situation of teachers'curriculum decision in an ordinary kindergarten by means of instrumental case study. The concept as well as the content of curriculum decision-making, together with the process and the approaches, is rendered explanative understanding and description; also, numerous factors which influence the decision-making and fundamental features in curriculum are analyzed so that the basic conclusion and suggestion should finally come into being.

本论文以质化研究为取向，采用工具性个案研究的方法，对一所普通幼儿园教师课程决策的基本状况进行考察，通过对幼儿园教师课程决策的内容范围、决策的过程与方法等方面的解释性理解和描述，分析该幼儿园教师课程决策的基本特征及其相关的影响因素，最终形成基本的研究结论并提出相应的建议。

Four chapters in the first volume, including "The Origin of Movement","Thinking of Effort","Movement Space" and "To Find Body", develop the theoretical structures of body language in western modern dance, analyze elements of movements and their semantic characters, reveal the conceptual transformation in the science of modern human movements and science of body language, and discover the re-interpretation through modern dance about the essence of movement and space and time of movement Another four chapters in the second volume including "Feminized Body""Masculine Body""Sex-confused Body" and "Body's Origin", study respectively features of body language in the field of ballet, modern dance and post-modern dance, provide a chronicle embodying the form variation of body language through lineal comparison, and exposit spiritual pursuit and value preference of modern choreographers and their relationship with history and culture. Therefore, effective body strategy of "Back to Body's Origin" in today's human existence is offered and teaches us how to keep our own national culture in the times of cultural globalization and integration.

前者通过&动作的根源&、&力效思维&、&运动空间&、&发现身体&等4章，展开西方现代舞身体动作语言的理论构架，分析其动作语言要素和语义特征，揭示现代人体动作科学与身体语言科学的观念性变革，发现现代舞蹈对动作本质、运动空间和时间所做出的重新阐释；后者通过&女性化的身体&、&男性化的身体&、&性倒错的身体&及&身体的原点&等4章，研究芭蕾舞、现代舞、后现代舞的身体动作语言形态的各自特征，在纵向比较中，提供身体语言形态的&体现&变异的历史图表，在舞蹈本文的叙述和重新阅读中，提示现代舞蹈家的精神追求与价值取向，揭示其与历史文化之间的对应关系，提供现时代人类生存中所应采取的有效的身体策略——返回身体的原点，在全球文化大交流、大融合之中，保持民族文化的独立品格。

But the heart for saying have the intrinsic differentiation from the heart of the Zen on the content, his heart for saying point isnt means a extramundane Buddhism, but is a realistic ethics; Then its basic operation and the view of value is different from Zen too.

但是他所说的心与禅宗的心在内涵上有着本质区别，他所说的心不是指超越的佛性而是现实的伦理；进而其具体操作，价值取向也与佛教不同。

One, study character is in us in education, discover not hard, the student's study, dependence is very strong, always be used to a teacher all-around specific arrangement, once give them time, a lot of students appear not know what to do, faineant even; is studying a method, be used to machinery repeating, face the study rhythm during study and capacity, times feeling gets tired of the study mood; that dealt with; him student to affect them with the expectation fixed position of parent impropriety many students and parent often the study result with the static state, regard only hope as orientaton, not to be pooh-poohed makes dynamic analysis at whole to learning process, undertake ego is adjusted scientificly....

一、学习品质在我们在教学中，不难发现，学生的学习，依靠性很强，总习惯于教师全方位具体布置，一旦把时间交给他们，很多学生就显得无所适从，甚至无所事事；在学习方法上，习惯于机械重复，面对学习期间的学习节奏和容量，倍感疲于应付；学生本人和家长不适当的期望定位影响了他们的学习情绪；不少学生和家长往往以静态的学习成绩，作为唯一的期望取向，不善于对学习全过程作出动态分析，科学地进行自我调适……。

Different arrangement of property right embodies different direction of ethic value: private property right makes the individual widely known and reveals the efficiency, public property right emphasizes on the entirety and purses fameless reviewer, the ethic of common property right realizes the dialectic unification of efficiency and fairness ,and it is the rejection of the two.

不同的产权安排彰显着不同的伦理价值取向：私有产权伦理张扬了个体而凸显了效率，公有产权伦理注重整体而追求公平，共有产权伦理却实现着效率与公平辨证统一，是对二者的扬弃。

Such a familist approach will expand the territory of economics and provide new explanations to Chinese, even world history.

这种研究取向将会扩展经济学的研究边界，对中国乃至世界的历史给出新的解释。

The research suggests that there are four main reasons that cause these problems: theinfluence of the familistic value orientation, an unreasonable social employment system,exaggerated propaganda of mass media, and the limited resources of higher education.

本研究认为0-3岁儿童隔代教养弊端产生的原因有：家本位价值取向的影响、不合理的社会用人制度、大众传媒夸大的宣传和高等教育资源有限。

The research suggests that there are four main reasons that cause these problems: the influence of the familistic value orientation, an unreasonable social employment system, exaggerated propaganda of mass media, and the limited resources of higher education.

本研究认为0-3岁儿童隔代教养弊端产生的原因有：家本位价值取向的影响、不合理的社会用人制度、大众传媒夸大的宣传和高等教育资源有限。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。