发达国家

The present WTO agreements consist of approximately 150 articles related to special and differential treatment, and these articles fall roughly into three categories'.(1) articles aimed at giving more trading opportunities to developing members;(2) articles demanded a guaranty of developing countries' interests;(3) a kind of flexibility applied to developing countries in promise-making, action-taking and policy-implementation;(4) to permit developing countries to have a more flexible time-table;(5) to provide technical assistance and capability building-up to developing countries;(6) to exercise a more favorable treatment to the least developed countries.

在现行的WTO协定中包含了近150个特殊和差别待遇条款，这些条款大体分为6种类别：（1）旨在增加发展中成员贸易机会的条款；（2）要求发达国家保障发展中国家利益的条款；（3）发展中国家被赋予在承诺、行动和使用政策工具方面的灵活性；（4）允许发展中国家享有更为灵活的实施时间表；（5）对发展中国家提供技术援助和能力建设；（6）对最不发达国家实施更优惠的待遇。

According to Vernon\'s "Product Cycle" and Akamatsu to the "Flying Geese Industrial Development Patterns",change in the leading industries around the world followed by process of the developed countries to developing countries to the developed countries.

根据弗农的"产品循环说"和赤松要的"雁行产业发展形态说"，主导产业更替在世界范围内遵循了由发达国家向次发达国家再向发展中国家的转移过程。

The Kyoto Protocol is the current international instrument that imposes binding obligations on developed countries that have ratified Kyoto (the Annexure 1 parties) to reduce their overall emissions of man-made greenhouse gases in the period from 2008 to 2012 by at least five per cent below 1990 levels.

东京议定书是目前最新的国际文书，其为已加入东京的发达国家设定了带有约束力的义务，要求发达国家全面减少其人为的温室气体排放量，在2008至2012年期间至少应比1990年下降五个百分点。

In October 1993, the Inter-Parliamentary Union held in the Canadian capital of Ottawa,"North-South dialogue to promote world prosperity," the General Assembly will be issued after the "final document", called on developed countries and developing countries to oppose trade protectionism, calls for developed countries to cancel all the poorest government debt, urge developed countries and international financial institutions and direct investment to developing countries to provide technical.

1993年10月，各国议会联盟在加拿大首都渥太华召开《南北对话促进世界繁荣》大会，会后发表了《最后文件》，呼吁发达国家和发展中国家反对贸易保护主义，要求发达国家取消所有最穷国家的政府债务，敦促发达国家及国际金融机构向发展中国家直接投资并提供技术。

Firstly, it seeks the sources from which theories have been developed, by a summary of evolution or a road-map. Secondly, it explains the two basic forms taken by traditional theories on intra-industry trade, namely, horizontal intra-industry trade model and vertical intra-industry trade model. Both models take final products as trade objects and products of same industry are thus simultaneously exported and imported among developed nations and among developed nations and developing ones.Thirdly, it points out that the theory of vertical intra-industry trade has already been expanded in scope in the area of trade between developed countries and LDCs. It shows that the implication of vertical intra-industry trade has expanded to the importation and exportation of parts and components, intermediate products or processing products produced via various working procedures or different production links within the same industry, with MNCs as carriers. It gives the summary of the methods of measuring intra-industry trade and argues that the basic method adopted by this thesis is G-L Index. In addition, GHM and Input-output Analysis are introduced to demonstrate the expansion of vertical intra-industry trade.

首先，通过整理国际贸易理论的发展脉络，寻求产业内贸易的理论渊源；其次，阐述产业内贸易传统理论的两种基本形式，水平型产业内贸易与垂直型产业内贸易的理论模型，指出两者都以最终产品为贸易对象，实现了发达国家之间或发达国家与发展中国家之间的同一产业内产品的同时进口和出口；第三，结合全球化的特点和跨国公司在国际要素分工中的基础作用，指出发达国家与发展中国家之间的垂直型产业内贸易理论已经得到拓展，表明垂直型产业内贸易涵义已发展成为以跨国公司为载体的同一产业内不同生产工序或不同生产环节的零部件、中间产品或加工产品的进口和出口；最后，归纳了产业内贸易的计量方法，指出本文的产业内贸易基本计量方法是G-L指数(格鲁贝尔-洛伊德计量法)，并在此基础上进一步说明与垂直型产业内贸易的拓展相关的计量方法包括：GHM计量法和Hummels投入-产出分析法。

This paper provides an international comparative survey of trends in banking industry, and seeks to indentify the way of Chinese banking industry upgrade.In this paper, the theory of industrial organization, institutional economics and the theory of financial innovation are used in the overall analysis of the banking industry in China and developed countries, and the stage of industrial development banks in developed countries are divided into beginner, intermediate and advanced stages of development.A comparative indicator of the banking industry model is created.

本文运用产业组织理论、制度经济学及金融创新理论系统整体分析我国和发达国家银行产业，将发达国家银行产业发展阶段划分为初级、中级和高级发展阶段；创建了我国与发达国家银行产业比较指标模型，对我国银行产业进行清晰的定位，并根据市场绩效(经营稳健性、盈利能力、经营效率指标)及在储蓄转化为投资过程中所处的位置，创新的划分我国银行产业内部层次。

Still used in relatively large quantities for the production of all types of fabrics in the less developed countries, but also used in some developed countries for the production of certain classic brocade, tapestries and tweeds.

在梭织机是多种多样的，它可以分为三类；在一些不发达国家中还有相当大的数量，用来生产各种织物，发达国家也有使用，一些发达国家用它生产古典锦缎、挂毯及粗花呢。

Hand looms: still used in relatively large quantities for the production of all types of fabrics in the less developed countries, but also used in some developed countries for the production of certain classic brocade, tapestries and tweeds.

手织机：在一些不发达国家中还有相当大的数量，用来生产各种织物，发达国家也有使用，一些发达国家用它生产古典锦缎、挂毯及粗花呢。

China first introduced in the German style of windows and doors and realize the localization of production enterprises in the first domestic product of pure wood, wood kits series of high-grade aluminum windows and doors of the enterprise; first independent development and production of high-end Italian-style windows and doors to the enterprise; The first domestic product in the U.S.-wood, aluminum doors and windows of the series of package-enterprises; first in domestic development and production of wood walls of the family business; first independent development and production of a bullet-proof, anti-riot high-grade security doors and windows; first In the domestic development of intelligent control window and put into application the enterprise; first designed and produced in line with developed Western countries, diplomatic building a high standard and comprehensive prevention requirements of the special windows and doors; first to the United States, Japan and other developed Western countries, exports High-end doors and windows of the enterprise; first in the developed countries to establish branches of the windows and doors manufacturing enterprises in 2000 passed the ISO9001 international quality system certification, and in 2003 for the successful version in 2000 by the British Royal USK international certification in 2001 by Branch Appointed as "Technology Pilot-oriented enterprises" in Beijing in 2003 were rated "famous trademark" in 2003 by Beijing as "a brand-name enterprises" in 2003 was China Building Decoration Association as "well-known brands." Municipal Science and Technology Commission in 2005 was awarded the "high-tech enterprises that certificate" for five consecutive years was in the Trade and Industry Bureau as "Shou credibility of the contract unit."

第一个在中国引入德国风格门窗并实现本地化生产的企业；第一个在国内生产纯木、铝包木系列高档门窗的企业；第一个自主开发并生产出意大利风格高档门窗的企业；第一个在国内生产美式纯木、铝包木系列门窗的企业；第一个在国内开发并生产木质幕墙系列产品的企业；第一个自主开发并生产出防弹、防暴高档安全门窗；第一个在国内开发出智能化控制窗并投入应用的企业；第一个设计并生产出符合西方发达国家外交机构建筑高标准、综合性防范要求的特种门窗；第一个向美国、日本等西方发达国家出口高档门窗的企业；第一个在发达国家设立分公司的门窗制造企业；2000年通过ISO9001国际质量体系认证，并于2003年成功换版；2000年通过英国皇家USK国际认证；2001年被科委评为&科技先导型企业&；2003年被评为北京市&著名商标&；2003年被北京市列为&创名牌重点企业&；2003年被中国建筑装饰协会评为&知名品牌&；2005年获得市科委颁发的&高新技术企业认定证书&；连续五年被市工商局评为&重合同守信誉单位&。

Welcomes the contributions made in the lead-up to the midterm comprehensive global review of the implementation of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2001-2010, including the elaboration of the Cotonou Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2001-2010 as an initiative owned and led by the least developed countries

欢迎直到《2001-2010十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》执行情况全球综合中期审查之时所作的贡献，包括制定《进一步执行2001-2010十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领科托努战略》，这是一项由最不发达国家掌控和主导的倡议

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。