发育异常

ABSTRACT Agenesis of one or more teeth constitutes one of the most common developmental anomalies in man.

牙齿的发育不全是一种人类常见的发育异常，先天缺牙是牙齿发育异常的表现之一，可伴随遗传性的综合征出现，也可能是单独的症状以散发病例或家系遗。。。

The reasons that result the seed setting low are different in different autotetraploid rice line.

所以，双受精异常、胚胎发育异常和胚乳发育异常也是结实率降低的原因。

Methods DAS consisting of 36 physical and dermatoglyphics items was rated in 101 RD children (70 males and 31 females) and 66 controls (40 males and 26 females).

根据遗传发育神经生物学理论和有关文献编制发育异常评定量表，对101例汉族RD儿童和66名正常儿童作发育异常的评定分析。

Abnormal phenomena in different periods of embryo sac development, including degeneration of megaspore, embryo sac abnormality during the periods of two to eight nucleate etc., were found in the plants with low seed setting rate.

对一些结实率偏低材料的研究，发现在胚囊发育过程的不同时期存在一些异常现象，包括功能大孢子退化，二至八核胚囊发育异常等。

Results Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia is a rare osteopathy that would lead to short limb type pygmy or mutilation bone disease .

结果 干骺端软骨发育异常是一种较罕见的全身短管状骨干骺端软骨发育异常导致短肢型侏儒或致残性体质性骨病。

"Resulting disorders include Down's syndrome, mental retardation, heart malformation, abnormal sexual development, malignancies, and sex-chromosome disorders (e.g., Turner's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome)."

所导致的疾病包括唐氏症候群、精神发育迟缓、心脏畸形、性发育异常、恶性肿瘤和性染色体异常(如特纳氏症候群、克兰费尔特氏症候群)。

"Resulting disorders include Down's syndrome, mental retardation, heart malformation, abnormal sex ual development, malignancies, and sex -chromosome disorders (e.g., Turner's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome)."

所导致的疾病包括唐氏症候群、精神发育迟缓、心脏畸形、性发育异常、恶性肿瘤和性染色体异常(如特纳氏症候群、克兰费尔特氏症候群)。

The present study indicates that pregnancy cocaine exposure can lead to maternal undernutrition and developmental abnormality of the fetal brain, liver and placenta.

本研究表明，妊娠期给予可卡因能引起妊娠母体营养不良，子代脑、肝脏和胎盘发育异常；可卡因引起的胎儿发育异常是由可卡因的毒性作用而不是母体营养不良产生的。

At the one-cell stage, each embryo was injected with gradient doses of 2-8ng MO. The control morpholino, was purchased from Gene-Tools.To test the knockdown effectiveness of the morpholino, the tbx2-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) construct was generated. And coinjection of morpholino with mRNA tests its specificity of the morpholino. Overexpression of tbx2 via mRNA microinjection helps us understand gaining function of tbx2. Results The tbx2-EGFP construct tests the knockdown effectiveness of the morpholino. Zebrafish embryos lacking tbx2 function have defects in cardiac contractility, rhythm and morphology in a dose-dependent manner. The embryos with c-MO are normal in development. Coinjection of morpholino with mRNA rescue the phenotype of tbx2 knocking down. The phenotypes include pericardial edema, hypogenetic ventricle, dilation of atria, arrhythmia, bradycardia, asystole, abnormal atrioventricular canal, aberrant valve and blood regurgitation.

结果荧光蛋白融合标记实验验证了tbx2-MO可以很好得阻抑斑马鱼胚胎tbx2的表达，tbx2-MO组胚胎在心脏收缩性、节律和形态学发生上出现了异常，心脏畸形随着注射剂量的增加而出现比较一致的表型，而c-MO组胚胎没有出现明显的畸形；tbx2-mRNA和tbx2-MO的共注射减少了tbx2-MO胚胎心脏畸形的发生率及减轻了心脏畸形的程度，验证了所设计合成的tbx2-MO对tbx2基因的抑制作用具有特异性；tbx2-MO组胚胎心脏缺陷包括心室发育不良、心房扩张、房室管和瓣膜异常以及心率缓慢、心律不齐、心脏停搏、血液返流等，并根据心脏发育异常的程度分为轻、中、重度畸形组tbx2-mRNA基因过表达胚胎没有见到心腔的形成。

No tapetal cells were formed or tapetam collapsed at very early stage in some anther chamber during the microsporogenesis; Pollen mother cells in another chamber were not developed and microspore vacuolized; Tapetum cells developed abnormally, giantized and crammed the anther chamber; Some tapetum cells developed normally, but PMCs developed abnomally, which deformed at sporogeneous stage, and then were abhensive each other and finally degenerated. Nearly no PMCs could complete the process of meiosis, and form the tetrad, leading to the failure of normal microspore development.

药室的绒毡层细胞不形成或提前解体；药室内的花粉母细胞不发育或小孢子液泡化；绒毡层细胞发育异常，出现巨型化而挤满整个药室；绒毡层细胞虽发育正常，但花粉母细胞发育异常，在造孢细胞时期即开始出现变形现象，随后发生粘连退化；绝大部分花粉母细胞不能完成正常的减数分裂过程形成四分体，导致小孢子退化。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。