发声

Dysphonia. Impairment of the voice, manifested by hoarseness, breathiness or other defects of phonation due to organic, functional or psychogenic causes.

发声困难：这指的是发声功能的损坏，是由於器质性的，功能性的或心理精神性的因素所造成的，表现为声音嘶哑，气息微弱或其他的发声缺陷。

Song learning and production in birds involve a discrete set of interconnected song nuclei in the avian brain.

鸟类的发声和发声学习涉及处于脑中不同水平的相互联系的一些发声核团。

Objective To investigate the clinical feature, characteristics of acoustic and aero-dynamic peremeters of functional dysphonia contrasted with the normal adults and evaluate the value of acoustic and aero-dynamic measurements in the diagnosis and treatment of functional dysphonia.

目的 观察功能性发声障碍喉镜图像、嗓音声学特征及空气动力学变化，探讨喉镜检查、计算机声学分析、空气动力学变化在功能性发声障碍诊断、鉴别诊断、分类及治疗中的应用价值，初步建立功能性发声障碍临床诊断标准。

I had an operation to get rid of it and now I've having voice training to hopefully sort myself out because I think I push from a vocal folds which is why I got the cysts in the first place.

我做了一次囊肿切除手术，现在我正在进行发声训练，希望能解决自己的发声问题。我想，囊肿首先长在声襞上是因为我以前总用力推动声襞来发声。

A semivowel, one having an audible sound by the addition of another Letter; e.g. S and R. A mute, one having no sound at all by itself, but becoming audible by an addition, that of one of the Letters which have a sound of some sort of their own; e.g. D and G.

元音是不需要别的字母辅助即可发音的字母；半元音是由另一个字母辅助才能够发出声音的字母，比如S或R；哑音字母自身不能发声，必须有另外一个自己能发声的字母辅助才能发声，比如D或G。

The disturbance is one of articulatory coordination and not paralysis, because many of the patients so afflicted have no trouble chewing and swallowing or moving the articulatory organs, but they cannot control and coordinate the muscles to make them subserve speech.

这样的干扰并非瘫痪，而是一种发声协调，因为许多受到严重干扰的病人能毫无困难的咀嚼、吞咽、或是移动他们的发声器官，但他们无法控制、协调发声肌肉来说话。

The call developmental process of Psittacula agapornis consists of five instinct phases according to its call character. In the first phase （congenital cal1 phase, CCP, 0~12 day of age）, the juveniles only produce single syllable with short syllable length. The second phase（blank-model-forming phase,BMFP, 13~30 day of age） is important for formation of vocal learning pathways. During this phase, the calls characterized by more and longer syllables. In the third phase （call-model-forming phase,CMFP, 31~45 day of age）, the call development is guided by a model system for vocal learning, vocal learning is engendered so that some calls with multi-syllables with UP1 are produced, principal frequency has increased about by 920 cent, the number of note is double that of second phase. The short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories in the forth phase （call-feedback-learning phase,CFLP, 46~90 day of age）. The call of juveniles is a close match to tutor call which accompanied by double various sounds with BS and UP1, and more resonance components were formed. Second principal frequency has increased about by 970 cent, the number of note increases by 2.6~3.0 times. During the fifth phase （excellent call phase,ECP, after 91 d）, vocal motor pathway is developed and the calls are accompanied with most stable, harmonious vari-tone and complex repertoire.

牡丹鹦鹉的鸣声发育分为5个时期。0~12 d为先天性鸣声期，鸣声特征为以基本音为主音的单音节单音调声，声长短。13~30 d为空白模板形成期，鸣声特征为以基本音为主音的多音节单音调声，声长和音量显著性增加，表明发声学习通路开始形成。31~45 d为鸣声模板形成期，鸣声特征为以第1陪音（UP1）为主音的多音节单变调声，声长和音量显著性增加，主音频提升约920音分，涵盖的律音数增加1倍，表明发声学习模板逐渐形成，发声学习开始。46~90 d为鸣声反馈学习期，鸣声特征为以BS和UP1为主音的双变调声，声长和音量显著性增加，主音频涵盖的律音数增加2.6~3.0倍，第2主音频提升约970音分，表明稳定模板逐渐形成，短期记忆逐渐向长期记忆转化。91 d后为完美鸣声期，鸣声特征为以UP1为主音的复合变音调声，声长、音量、主音频的提升和涵盖的律音数都趋于平稳，鸣声稳定而和谐，表明发声运动通路基本形成。

Connaughton (1994) and Sprague (2000) mentioned that the differences of length, weight, and tension of the sonic muscle and the amount of protein and glycogen affect the types of sounds emitted. To reveal the producer of high-frequency sound, this research analyzed and compared the length, width, thickness and somatic of sonic muscle and the amount of protein and glycogen in seven sciaenid species occuring on the west coast of Taiwan (Johnius tingi, Johnius sina, Johnius amblycephalus, Johnius amblycephalus, Pennahia argentata, Chrysochir aureus, and Otolithes ruber), then to find if the differences of physic parameter and energy supplication are the major factors making O. ruber produce high frequency of sound.

在Connaughton (1994)和Sprague (2000)研究报中指出造成石首鱼产生不同型态的声音主要取决於发声肌肌纤维的长度、重量、张力、蛋白质与肝醣含量的差异性，为了证实高频声音确实为红牙鱼或所产生，本研究将分析比较在台湾西岸海域其他不同石首鱼(红牙鱼或、黄金鳍鱼或、白姑鱼、中华叫姑鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼、丁氏叫姑鱼与顿头叫姑鱼)发声肌之长度、重量、蛋白质与肝醣含量差异，探讨发声肌在物理参数与能量的供应的差异是否为造成红牙鱼或产生高频鸣音之主要因素。

Penfield and Roberts show a region in which stimulation would occasionally cause the patient to vocalize, namely, either margin of the left Rolandic fissure. The sounds are described as a vowel, and the vocalization will last for the duration of the stimulation; if the patient runs out of breath, he will quickly inhale and continue. The patient is usually aware that he is making sounds, but he is unable to bring this under voluntary control.

潘菲尔和罗勃兹指出能让病患间歇发声的区域，就在中央沟(或称罗兰度氏裂 Rolandic fissure)右侧或左测的边缘，而刺激发出的声音是我们所称的母音，刺激的期间都能持续发声，若病患氧气不足时，他会赶紧吸气再继续发声，病患通常会意识到自己在发出声音，但是他无法随意控制自己的发声。

The sound producing system of Sciaenidae is consisted mainly of extrinsic sonic muscle and swimbladder. Because female red drum do not have the sonic muscle, the sonic muscle of young red drum appeared when they were three months old and they were male. Young male red drum started to produce audiable sound at seven months old. The weights of sonic muscles and swimbladders increased with body weights.

石首鱼的发声系统以外接发声肌肉及泳鳔为主，由於雌鱼并无发声肌肉，因此红鼓鱼幼鱼在三个月左右出现发声肌肉者为雄鱼，发育的过程中，发声肌肉、泳鳔的重量随年龄增加而增加，然而雄鱼泳鳔的重量增加情形大於雌鱼。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失