反驳的

Not only some economists' standpoint that the arrangement of the property rights is the nature of corporate governance, but also other economists' ones that they pay more attention to the design and enforcement of corporate governance mechanisms. The division hypothesis of corporate governance would conduceto comprehensive knowledge of corporate governance. Second, this thesis formalizes the ideas "the optimal shareholder structure of a firm is endogenously determined" proposed by Demsetz (1983) in a simple framework, which constitute the new rationale against the proposition "the more concentrated theshare, the more efficient the firm is" by Berle and means.

公司治理的分层假说将有助于我们形成对公司治理内涵全面的认识；（2）本文在一个简单的框架下形式化了Demsetz（1983）提出的最优股权结构内生决定的思想，为反驳Berle和means（1932）提出的"股权高度集中，企业的价值将最大"的命题提供了新的理论依据；（3）我们证明，公司治理机制的"整合"对降低投资者之间的利益冲突所导致的"第二类代理成本"具有重要作用。

The steady habit of correcting and completing his own opinion by collating it with those of others, so far from causing doubt and hesitation in carrying it into practice, is the only stable foundation for a just reliance on it: for, being cognisant of all that can, at least obviously, be said against him, and having taken up his position against all gainsayers—knowing that he has sought for objections and difficulties, instead of avoiding them, and has shut out no light which can be thrown upon the subject from any quarter—he has a right to think his judgment better than that of any person, or any multitude, who have not gone through a similar process.

保有一种稳定的习惯要借着与他人的意见相校证来使自己的意见得以改正和完备，只要不致在付诸实行中造成迟疑和犹豫，这是可以对那意见寄以正当信赖的唯一的稳固基础。总之，一个人既经知道了一切能够说出来的反对他的言语，而又采取了反对一切反驳者的地位——深知自己是寻求反驳和质难而不是躲避它们，深知自己没有挡蔽能够从任何方面投到这题目上来的任何光亮——这时他就有权利认为自己的判断是比那没有经过类似过程的任何人或任何群的判断较好一些。

The author in this paper considers that the coherence is a comprehensive concept, and any concept is just the description from one aspect. This paper carries on the analysis from the perspective of thought pattern at the cognitive level. According to the discussion on Kaplan"s viewpoint and the contrary arguments by the other scholars, the conclusion can be made as the contrastive analysis based on the texts parallel in register tends to be tendentious, sketchy and indefinite, so the contrary examples provided by other scholars illustrate that it is impossible for modern Chinese text structure to be influenced by the traditional text structure of "ba gu wen alluded to by Kaplan. This paper provides contrastive analysis on the basis of texts parallel in translation, which can present the most essential different characteristics of Chinese and English texts, and guide the development of every aspect in the translation process, and help to convey the meaning of source language faithfully as well as to construct the text structure in different ways which possess the characteristics of their own languages.

而本文所讨论的与连贯有关的分析层面属于认知层面中的思维方式角度，文章从中西思维方式差异的对比出发讨论了科技篇章连贯性的差异；对于Kaplan所提出的观点以及其反对者的观点进行讨论，得出结论为：以语域对应材料为基础的连贯性对比导致了Kaplan结论中的倾向性，概括性与模糊性，从而反对其观点的学者可以在中文学生做的英文作文中找出反例并提出了反驳意见，他们认为中文传统思维模式即Kaplan所暗示的八股文结构并不会影响到现代中文学生组织英语篇章结构；而本文以翻译对应语料为基础进行英汉篇章中基本结构的对比，这不同于语域对应材料的对比是以语域一致为基础进行整体篇章的重新组织，因为翻译对应材料的译文不可能出现对原文整体结构的大调整，而只可能体现出篇章中小范围语义结构的基本差异，从而避免了倾向性的观点，可以体现出中西思维方式在篇章组织结构上最基本的差异，本文还总结出翻译中所应注意的两种语言的特点，从而指导翻译过程的各个方面，达到译入语与译出语在意义上的忠实传达与结构上忠于源语特点的效果。

Sperry showed that the regenerated retinal axons always innervated the original sites of termination in the optic tectum. This experiment strongly disprove the resonance hypotheses proposed by Paul Weiss, who suggested that the nerve growth and synapse formation are largely random events, and the precision of connections between nerve cells emerged by selectively eliminating the inappropriate connections, only at later developmental stage.

Sperry的实验在支持Cajal假说的基础上，进一步明确发育过程中轴突的生长及突触的形成具有内在决定性，并且有力地反驳了当时占主流地位的由Paul Weiss于1930～40年代提出的resonance hypothesis，后者认为轴突的生长和突触的形成大多是一些随机事件，成年脑中的精确联系是通过对随机形成的不恰当联系进行选择地消除形成的。

51 There is also another answer which might be given to the objection, viz. that the end which the inordinate agent intends is an end only in a qualified sense. But this is not a happy solution, because the efficiency of the inferior cause is a pure and simple case of efficiency. In other words, it does not effect something simply because it is moved as does a stick, which has no end of its own because it is not an agent on its own, but rather resembles a more immediate effect.

2.51 对这一反驳还可以给出另外一个回答，即精神紊乱的行为者意图的目的仅仅只在严格的意义上才称之为目的，但这并不是一个令人愉快的解决方案，因为次等原因的动力因是动力因的一个纯粹而直接的情形，换句话说，它没有影响某物，仅仅是因为它就像一根棍子一样运动，它没有自身的目的，因为它不是针对自身的行动者，而仅仅是一些更为直接的结果的汇集。

Whether the authors of the Press Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution intended to incorporate the lessons of Zenger's case is debatable, since nearly all the new American states adopted English common law, including its rules on the press, when they became independent. When Congress passed a Sedition Act in 1798 during the quasi-war with France, it allowed truth as a defense to libels allegedly made against the president and government of the United States.

鉴于几乎所有美国新成立的州在独立时都采用英国普通法，包括其中对新闻出版的规定，因此，很难说宪法《第一条修正案》的&新闻出版条款&(&Press Clause&)的起草人是否有意采纳曾格案的教训。1789年国会在美国与法国的短暂冲突中通过的《煽动叛乱法》，允许在对有关诽谤美国总统和政府罪的指控作出反驳时，把真相作为辩护的依据。

About the evolving study of the black affluents. It firstly states that study of black history neglected the group of black affluents, i.e. attention was seldom given to how they accumulated their wealth at a time with racism. Then from 19xx onwards some historians start to get interested in this topic. Ihe passage then elaborates about their study.

V3有一篇是讲 American Revolution 和 slavery 的关系，一开始说专家认为，是 American revolution 导致了对于 slavery 的关注以及对之后的奴隶制度的废除起了很重要的作用，但是第二段开始反驳说某位 D 专家发现其实是 Aferica America 大量的涌入（这里不确定，记不太清楚）以及另外一个什么原因忘记了好像有说道了 church 什么的，才导致了社会普遍关注这个问题并且最后废除了奴隶制。

For the Blessed One, O Lord, spoke these words to me:'I shall not come to my final passing away, Evil One, until my bhikkhus and bhikkhunis, laymen and laywomen, have come to be true disciples — wise, well disciplined, apt and learned, preservers of the Dhamma, living according to the Dhamma, abiding by the appropriate conduct, and having learned the Master's word, are able to expound it, preach it, proclaim it, establish it, reveal it, explain it in detail, and make it clear; until, when adverse opinions arise, they shall be able to refute them thoroughly and well, and to preach this convincing and liberating Dhamma.

圣尊，哦主啊，对我说这些话吧：我不会回到我的归宿，邪恶者，直到我的比丘和比丘尼，外行男人和外行女人，来做我的真正的弟子-智慧的，非常好的训练的，恰当的和有知识的，正法的保护者，根据法来生活，遵守恰当的行为，并且学习大师的话，能够论述它，布道，宣告，建立，揭示，用细节来解释，使之更清楚，直到出现对立的观点，他们将能够完全反驳它并且，宣传这种令人相信的和解脱的法。

Smith viewed markets and capital as doing good work within their own sphere, but first, they required support from other institutions—including public services such as schools—and values other than pure profit seeking, and second, they needed restraint and correction by still other institutions—e.g., well-devised financial regulations and state assistance to the poor—for preventing instability, inequity, and injustice.

但是，斯密对私人交易的支持，仅仅是为了反驳那种认为停止食物交易就能够消除饥饿负担的信念。这并没有以任何方式否认，市场的运转需要国家行为通过创造工作岗位和收入来进行补充。如果失业的急剧增长是因为不良的经济环境或者不良的公共政策，那么市场无法仅凭自身重新创造出那些失业者的收入。

Apart from this, with the single exception of Pfuhl, every speech of every person present had one common feature, which Prince Andrey had not seen at the council of war in 1805—that was, a panic dread of the genius of Napoleon, a dread which was involuntarily betrayed in every utterance now, in spite of all efforts to conceal it.

此外，在所有发言的人里面，除开普弗尔，都有一个共同的特点，这在一八○五年的军事会议中是没有的——这就是现在虽然被掩饰却仍然在每一个人的反驳中流露出对拿破仑的天才的恐惧和惊惶失措。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。