反诉

The provision on countercharge in "The procedural law of the people"s repubilc of chinais so simple that there have been a lot of different views on it between judges and law scholar in juridical practice,Judges dispose the case of countercharge on his views and result from confusion.

由于我国民事诉讼法对反诉制度规定得过于原则，导致理论界和司法界对反诉制度的认识多有分歧，在审判实践中处理反诉案件时标准不一，做法混乱，反诉制度的功能未能得到充分发挥。

Counterclaim, as an important litigation institution, is not being properly carried out in the civil litigation practice.

反诉作为一项重要的诉讼制度，在民事诉讼实践中并没有得到应有的落实，恰恰相反，反诉制度的适用常常遭遇障碍。

In part three, the author describes the present situation of the system of counterclaim in our country and analyses the reasons for that.

第三章反诉制度在我国的适用现状及原因分析，在这一部分，笔者从立法上、司法上、理论上三个方面介绍反诉制度在我具体适用的现状及存在的问题，并相应的从这三个方面探究反诉制度在我国适用受阻的原因。

Writer from analyze the history origin of this system with apply present condition to commence, try with candor and efficiency this civil case in courts of the basic value and civil case counter-claim inside proper value of system for angle of view, bring up a condition and counter-claim to the foundation theories problems such as concept,property and characteristics etc.s and cross action of the cross action of before accept,review handle.take up a series of problem of etc. to carry on to re-examine with define, try hard for was perfect the cross action system of the our country to become an individual to fasten the integrity,contents enrichment,function ready,operate viable litigation system.

笔者从分析这一制度的历史渊源和适用现状入手，尝试以公正和效率这一对民事诉讼的基本价值和民事反诉制度内在固有的价值为视角，对反诉的概念、性质和特点等基础理论问题和反诉的提起条件以及反诉的受理、审前处理、审理等一系列问题进行重新审视和界定，力求将我国的反诉制度完善成为一个体系完整、内容充实、功能齐备、操作可行的诉讼制度。

Counterclaim particularly belongs to one kind of joinder of actions,either in law making or in practice,if we can understand and master it's fundamental character and inherent law,it will be not only to help us to save litigants'costs as well as judicial resources,but also be able to avoid the possibility of any conflicts between judgments.

反诉属于一种较为典型的诉的合并，无论在立法上还是在实务上，正确地认识与把握反诉制度的基本属性与内在规律，就能够有利于实现节约当事人的诉讼成本、法院的司法资源，并且有助于避免裁判间的矛盾。

Part four, the author gives some advice of perfecting the system of Chinese Counterclaim, which is the important part in the paper .In this part, the author introduces the system of counterclaim in other countries and makes comparison with Chinese counterclaim. On the basis of comparison, the author concludes that we should absorb the advantages of the two law system and perfect Chinese counterclaim from four aspects. That is to say prefect the premise for accusation, divide the compellent counterclaim and discretionary counterclaim, the instance for counter-counterclaim, the trial of claim and counterclaim and so on.

在这一部分，在涉及到反诉的相关制度时，笔者首先对英美法系和大陆法系的有关规定做以简要介绍，然后再与我国的有关规定进行对比，从中寻找可以为我国可以借鉴、吸收的相关理论和制度，并进而提出对我国反诉制度进行完善的具体构想，笔者主张从完善反诉提起的条件，对反诉的种类进行强制性反诉和任意性反诉的区分、界定提起再反诉的具体情况、反诉的审理四个大的方面来进行重构，而对于反诉提起的条件又从实质条件、程序条件和法定条件三个方面进行了详细的论述。

Therefore, through making reflection on present bad situation of our countersuit system, we make construction on the balanced mechanism of countersuit system from the legislation idea angle.

通过对我国反诉制度适用受阻现状的反思，从立法理念角度对我国反诉制度中的平衡性机制进行重构具有重要意义。

The counterclaims, if any, shall also be submitted together with relevant documents of evidence within this period.

如有反诉，也应在此期限内提交反诉书及有关证明文件。

Actually it fundamentally forbids outspreading the function of the counterclaim system.

本文对两大法系反诉制度所赖以形成的反诉观进行比较性考察，在此基础上检讨我国反诉观念的合理性，并以此为根据对我国未来反诉制度的设计作一初步探讨。

The Anglo-American genealogy of law actively outspreads the function of the counterclaim system to settle all the correlative disputes, but the continental genealogy of law has negative attitude in this aspect.

英美法系积极扩张反诉制度之功能，解决与此相关的所有纠纷，而大陆法系则持消极态度，原则禁止反诉功能扩张，因此两大法系形成各具特色的反诉制度。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。