反照率

And then the effect of precipitation to water and heat character of soil is analyzed. The results indicate that the level which precipitation effect water and heat character of soil is different under different precipitation intensity. The affect degree of precipitation to surface physical variate is similar in winter and in summer, but the time that soil return to normal state is different, which in winter is longer than in summer.

其次分析了降水对荒漠土壤水热性质的影响，结果表明：不同大小的降水强度对地表物理量的影响不同；冬季和夏季相比，降水对地表物理量的影响差不多，但冬季的土壤状态的恢复时间要长得多；土壤湿度和反照率的驰豫期与降水都有很好的相关。

The results show that the radiative properties of randomly distributed soot aggregates for a given fractal dimension are complex functions of the monomer diameters, the number of monomers in the aggregates,and the refractive index; For a small value of the monomer diameters, the absorption cross section of soot aggregates tends to be relatively constant when the fractal dimension is small but increases rapidly when the fractal dimension exceeds two. However, a monotonical reduction in light absorption with the increase of the fractal dimension is observed for soot aggregates with sufficiently large monomer diameters, number of monomers,and refractive index. The scattering cross section , extinction cross section and single-scattering albedo increase monotonically with the increase of the fractal dimension. Overall, the results for soot aggregates differ profoundly from those calculated for the equivalent spherical particles, and the discrepancies between them will change small with the increase of the fractal dimension.

研究表明，在给定分形维数的情况下，烟尘団簇粒子的辐射特性取决于原始微粒粒径、数量及复折射率；原始微粒较小的団簇粒子，当分形维数较小时，吸收截面变化不明显，但当分形维数大于二时，吸收截面骤然增大，然而，对于具有比较大的原始微粒粒径、数量及复折射率的烟尘団簇粒子，吸收截面随着分形维数的增大而单调递减；随着分形维数的增大，団簇粒子的散射截面、消光截面及单次散射反照率均单调递增；从整体上来讲，団簇粒子的辐射特性与等效球形粒子的辐射特性存在着比较大的差别，并且这种差别随着分形维数的增大而减小。

This three-dimensional minimization can be reduced to a onedimensional search if two or more regions that correspond to different but uniform albedos are selected.

这三方面的最小化，可以减少到onedimensional 搜索如果有两个或更多的区域，对应于不同的但统一的反照率被选中。

The sky radiance increment is evaluated for some different albedos of the earth's surface.

最后计算了几种不同地表反照率(0.15，0.25，0.35)下的天空亮度增量。

The additional sky radiance was calculated under surface albedos of 0.15, 0.25 and 0.35, and compared with the measured data.

最后计算了地表反照率分别为0.15，0.25和0.35情形下的天空亮度增量，实验测量数据证实了这些结果。

From their very low densities and relatively high albedos, it seems likely that Prometheus, Pandora, Janus and Epimetheus are very porous icy bodies.

从它们很低的密度和相对较高的反照率来看，土卫十六，土卫十七，土卫十和土卫十一可能是多孔的冰质天体。

The scattering and reflection of light by clouds are studied by scalar radiative transfer theory. The plane albedos and bidirectional reflectance of clouds are given. The influences of clouds types, clouds thickness and liquid water content on the light scattering characteristics of clouds are discussed.

利用标量辐射传输理论，计算了云层对光波的反射与透射，给出了云层的平面反照率和双向反射函数；讨论了大气云层不同的类型、厚度及液态含水量对阳光散射强度的影响。

Based on these studies, sea ice variations were combined with global climate change. The research fields about sea ice includes: the physical properties and processes of sea ice, together with snow cover, the ecosystem of sea ice regions, albedos of sea ice and its snow cover, mass balance of sea ice regions, sea ice and climate coupled model.

这些研究领域主要有：海冰及其表层雪的物理特性和过程、海冰区域生态特征、海冰区与气候相关的反照率和物质平衡研究以及海冰气候耦合模型等大的领域。

Based on the Lorentz-Mie theory, the single scattering characteristics of multi-dispersed spherical and multi-layered spherical particles are studied. The extinction coefficients, scattering coefficients, single albedos, single scattering phase functions and asymmetry factors of different clouds are presented. Numerical results for single scattering of spherical and non-spherical particles are obtained in the approximation of geometrical optics. The single scattering phase matrixes of non-spherical aerosols are calculated by using the T matrix method.

基于洛伦茨-米理论研究了服从一定尺寸分布的球形和多层球形粒子的单次散射特性，计算了各种不同类型云层的消光系数、散射系数、单次散射反照率、单次散射相函数以及不对称因子；利用几何光学方法计算了球形、非球形粒子的单次散射特性；利用T矩阵方法计算了非球形气溶胶的单次散射相矩阵。

By using of the data of atmospheric turbidity and surface radiation observed at Zhangye and Desert stations in HEIFE area during the period from the third decade of February to the second decade of May in 1991, together with the data obtained from NOAA\|11 satellite overpassing this area at the same time, we estimate single scattering albedo (\%ω\% 0 ) and fraction of optical depth \%\[k(τλ=8~10 /τλ=0.55 \%)\] of atmospheric dust aerosols, by employed the radiative model in ...

利用 1991年 2月下旬～ 5月中旬HEIFE张掖和沙漠站的大气浑浊度观测、地面辐射观测及同期卫星资料，借助NCARCCM 3中的辐射模式CRM ，模拟估算了我国西北大气沙尘气溶胶的部分光学参数，单次散射反照率(ω0 )和光学厚度比 [k(τλ=8～ 14 /τλ=0 。55) ]。计算结果表明，清洁天ω0 和kτλ=8～ 14 /(τλ=0 。55在沙漠和绿洲均为 0 。94和 0 。1；浑浊天ω0 在绿洲为 0 。90 ，沙漠为 0 。84 ；k(τλ=8～ 14 /τλ=0 。55)在绿洲为 0 。3 ，沙漠为 0 。4。在气候模式中，可将我国西部沙尘源区大气沙尘的ω0 和k(τλ=8～ 14 /τλ=0 。55)分别取为 0 。88和 0 。3。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。