反应率

The optimal condition of the methanolysis transesterification was as follows: 50% enzyme based on oil weight;methanol/oil mole ratio 3∶1;shaking speed 150 r/min;added water content 5%;reacting at 50 ℃ for 12 h.

最佳工艺条件为：在正己烷的反应介质中，酶量50%，醇油摩尔比3∶1，反应温度50℃，转速150r/min，添加质量分数5%的水分，反应12 h后产物脂肪酸甲酯得率可达92.3%。

Transesterification of rapeseed oil to biodiesel with methanol using calcium methoxide as a solid base catalyst was investigated.

研究了甲醇钙固体碱催化剂催化菜籽油和甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油的反应性能，分析了甲醇钙的比表面积、总孔体积、平均孔径和热稳定性，并研究了反应温度、催化剂用量和醇油摩尔比对生物柴油产率的影响。

Fumaric acid-containing wastewater was pre-treated by a method of microelectrolysis of iron and carbon , with the reaction time, pH value, temperature and ratio of iron to carbon studied.

采用铁炭微电解法预处理富马酸废水，研究了反应时间、pH值、温度、铁与炭的比例对预处理的影响，试验结果表明：当反应时间180min，铁炭比3∶1，反应温度313K时，CODCr去除率35。

The decisive influencing factor of viscosity in carboxyl-methylation was cross-linking reaction. Carboxyl-methylation was the main influencing factor of solubility and swelling capacity in modification of high content amylose starch. The structure and gelatinization property of different amylose content were analyzed with an Olympus Vanox BHS-2 multi-function optic microscope, and the results were as follows. The structure of ordinary cornstarch was different from the high amylose; gelatinization temperature and pH value of starch were affected deeply by amylose content, but had little difference between the gelatinization of high content amylose starch contained 50% and 70% amylose; pH value had much more effect than temperature on the gelatinization of high content amylose cross-linked starch. Monochloroacetic acid consumption, alcohol concentration and pH value influenced the starch carboxyl-methylation. When alcohol concentration was 60%, pH value 10, monochloroacetic acid/starch mass ratio 55%, the carboxyl-methylation of high amylose cross-linked cornstarch had the best result. With the In-Vitro digestibility model and biodegradation experiment, the digestibility and biodegradability of high amylose cornstarch and its modified starch were detected.

采用Brabande粘度测定仪和Olympus Vanox BHS-2型多功能光学显微镜等分析手段对链淀粉含量50％和70％的高链玉米淀粉及其交联和交联羧甲基化淀粉的结构和性质进行了表征和分析，结果表明，普通玉米淀粉结构与含链淀粉50％和70％高链玉米淀粉结构不同；高链淀粉比普通淀粉难糊化，高链改性淀粉糊化受pH值影响较大，受温度影响较小；淀粉的冻融稳定性、透光率、溶解度、膨胀度和粘度受链淀粉的含量和改性的影响，但是，链淀粉含量超过50％时，则链淀粉含量对淀粉的膨胀度和溶解度影响不大；改性淀粉性质的影响因素中，影响粘度主要因素是交联反应，影响透明度、溶解度和膨胀度主要因素是羧甲基化改性；一氯乙酸用量、反应时乙醇浓度及碱性条件都会影响高链淀粉及其交联淀粉的羧甲基化改性效果，制备羧甲基化改性淀粉的最佳工艺是在pH值为10的60％的乙醇浓度介质中按一氯乙酸/淀粉质量比为55％进行取代反应。

The studies showed that the optimum conditions of the reaction were the amount of the 75% gathers the phosphoric acid 30 mL,the mole ratio ofhexamethylene tetramine to nitrophenol was 2∶1,the reaction time was about 3.0 hours,the reaction temperature was about 105℃.

结果表明较佳反应条件是：在对硝基苯酚为3.5 g的情况下，75%的多聚磷酸用量为30 mL，n∶n=2∶1，反应时间为3.0 h，反应温度105℃，5-硝基水杨醛的产率可达68.1%。

The same methods were used to study toluene dinitration, and the results indicated that the thermal runaway risks of these reactions were low too; prolonging dosing duration was helpful to the conversion of all nitrotoluene; decreasing the molar ratio of nitric acid to mononitrotoluene would make an insufficient conversion; among the given temperatures, rising reaction temperature couldn\'t markedly change the yield coefficient, but lead more heat generation and higher thermal runaway risk.

采用同样的方法对二段硝化反应进行研究，结果表明：二段硝化反应的热失控危险性也较低；延长加料时间，有利于反应完全；而随着硝酸与一硝基甲苯摩尔比的减小，硝化难以进行完全；在选定温度范围内升高温度，产物得率无显著变化，反而易导致放热加剧，增加体系的热失控危险。

In the presence of catalytic rhodium acetate, ethyl 2-diazo-3-oxo-per fluoroalkanoates, reacted readily with nitriles to give a series of 5-fluoroalkyl substituted 1, 3oxazoles with high regio-selectivity through a metal carbenoid intermediate. The reactions of carbenoids with noncyclic vinyl ethers or cyclic vinyl ethers afforded dihydrofuroates in good to excellent yields. Interestingly, only vinyl C-H insertion compound was obtained concerning of the reaction of carbenoids with 2, 5dimethylfuran due to the steric hindrance of methyl group

醋酸铑分解2-重氮-3-氧代-全氟羧酸乙酯形成的金属卡宾作为1，3-偶极体，可以与一系列芳基或烷基取代的腈反应，高度区域选择性地生成一系列4-乙氧羰基-5-氟烷基取代的噁唑化合物；也可以与富电子的链状和环状的烯基醚反应，以优良的产率得到一系列氟烷基取代的二氢呋喃类化合物；而与2，5-二甲基呋喃的反应，由于甲基的位阻作用，只得到金属卡宾对呋喃3-位烯基碳氢键插入产物。

The experiment results showed that the optimum reaction condition were as follow: the molar ratio of acrylic acid to octadecyl alcohol was 1.2:1, the amounts of solid super acid and hydroquinonone were 6.0% and 0.8% respectively, reaction temperature and time were 120℃ and 3h. In this condition, the percentage of esterification of octadecyl acrylate was 97%.

由实验得出的最佳合成条件是：丙烯酸与十八醇的摩尔比为1.2：1，固体超强酸及对苯二酚的质量分数分别为6%，0.8%，反应温度为120℃，反应时间为3 h，在此反应条件下，酯的产率可达97%。

The production was further verified with IR.The experiment results showed that the optimum reaction condition were as follow:the molar ratio of acrylic acid to octadecyl alcohol was 1.2∶1,the amounts...

由实验得出的最佳合成条件是：丙烯酸与十八醇的摩尔比为1.2∶1，固体超强酸及对苯二酚的质量分数分别为6%，0.8%，反应温度为120℃，反应时间为3 h，在此反应条件下，酯的产率可达97%。

Efficient conversion of pentaerythrite with carbonyl compounds,aldehyde or ketone,to the corresponding pentaerythritol dialdehyde or diketone compounds in the presence of ammonium hydrogen sulfate under microwave irradiation without solvent was described.

无溶剂微波照射下，通过硫酸氢铵催化季戊四醇和醛、酮反应合成了季戊四醇双缩醛、酮化合物。通过IR和1HNMR对产物结构进行了表征，研究了反应条件对产率的影响，最佳反应条件为微波照射功率750 W，照射时间1.5 min

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！