双子宫

Majority of acute leukemias in infant, either acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloblastic leukemia, posses a chromosomal translocation affecting the 11q23 chromosome region which specifically inoles the mixed-lineage leukemia gene.1-3 Most pediatric leukemias with MLL rearrangement clearly hae a remarkably short latency.1,4 MLL gene rearrangement is also associated with secondary leukemias of patients preiously treated with the topoisomerase II inhibitors.4 The latency of these secondary leukemias is similarly ery short.4 Of note, the concordance rate of leukemia with MLL rearrangement in infant monozygotic twins approximates to 100%,1,4 and identical breakpoint in the MLL gene was shared in these pairs of identical twin infants with concordant ALL.1,4 Moreoer, the unique and clonotypic MLL fusion gene was detectable in neonatal blood spots for Guthrie cards from non-twined indiiduals who subsequently deeloped ALL.1,4 These obserations indicate not only that MLL fusion is generated in utero but also that MLL fusion proteins could be capable of inducing leukemic transformation with few, if any, secondary mutations.2,3,4 Greaes et al speculate that an MLL fusion protein somehow promotes rapid transition to full-blown disease in patients ia ery rapid clonal expansion, genetic instability, or inhibition of DNA damage repair.4 In general, for clonal expansion of malignancies, tumor cells often hae acquired strategies that escape immune sureillance of the hosts.5,6 Immune escape mechanisms also contribute to the failure of graft-ersus-leukemia effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.7 Therefore, leukemia cells could acquire some immune escape mechanisms during leukemogenesis.

绪论 绝大多数的婴儿白血病，不管是急性淋巴性白血病或是急性骨髓性白血病，在染色体11q23部位有染色体易位的情况；这个部位的染色体易位牵连了混合谱系白血病基因。大多数具有MLL基因重排的儿童白血病潜伏期明显短很多。MLL基因重排也和经拓扑异构酶II抑制剂治疗后的继发性白血病有关。这些继发性白血病的潜伏期类似地都非常的短。很重要的是，单卵双胞胎婴儿同时患有或同时免于MLL基因重排阳性的白血病的一致性接近100%；并且同样患有ALL的同卵双胞胎的MLL基因的断裂点是一致的。而且，这种独特的克隆特异性的MLL融合基因能够从那些得ALL的非双生个体出生时的血斑标本中检测到。这些发现表明MLL融合基因产生在胎儿还在子宫的是后，而且MLL融合蛋白能过和其他的基因突变一起诱导白血病的产生。Greaes 等推测MLL融合蛋白在某种情况下同过快速克隆增殖，遗传的不稳定性或是DNA损伤修复的抑制促使疾病迅速地全面爆发。恶性肿瘤细胞的克隆增殖通常已经获得了逃避机体免疫监视的能力。免疫逃避机制也归因于异体外周血干细胞移植后移植物抗白血病作用的失效。所以，白血病细胞在白血病的产生过程中可能获得了某些免疫逃脱机制。

When a malignant tumor is present, a thorough abdominal exploration, total abdominal hysterectomy,bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy,lymphadenectomy, omentectomy, and removal of all gross cancer are standard therapy.

当是恶性肿瘤，腹部探查术，子宫全切术，双测输卵管卵巢切除术，淋巴结切除术，大网膜切除术和所有可见肿瘤的摘除术都是标准的治疗。

When a malignant tumor is present, a thorough abdominalexploration, total abdominal hysterectomy,bilateralsalpingo-oophorectomy,lymphadenectomy, omentectomy, and removal of allgross cancer are standard therapy.

当是恶性肿瘤，腹部探查术，子宫全切术，双测输卵管卵巢切除术，淋巴结切除术，大网膜切除术和所有可见肿瘤的摘除术都是标准的治疗。

The intraoperative appearance suggested peritoneal carcinomatosis, and the patient underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy.

术中外观提示为多处转移癌，行全腹子宫切除、双附件切除和网膜切除。

Fifty rats in the model group underwent ovariectomy, while the other 20 rats in the control group had sham operations. Three months later, 10 rats in the model group and 10 rats in the control group were selected randomly to detect their body weight, uterus weight, BMD of the left femur and lumbar vertebra, biomechanical characteristics of the left femur, levels of serum Ca2 +, Cr, ALP, SOD, MDA and GSH-Px and serumal resistance to OH(superscript -).

4个月龄雌性SD大鼠70只，随机取50只行双侧卵巢切除术，20只行假手术。3个月后随机从手术组和假手术组各取10只大鼠检测体质量、子宫湿重、左侧股骨及腰椎骨密度、生物力学特性和血清生化指标Ca(上标 2+)、肌肝、碱性磷酸酶水平，以确定骨质疏松模型建立成功。

Boys born with undescended testicles are 60 percent more likely than other boys to be infertile when they grow up. Furthermore, the researchers beliee that poor testicular deelopment in the uterus may lead to later fertility problems een in boys who don't show the genital abnormality at birth.

伴有阴睾的男孩长大后比其他男性多60%可能性患不育症，还发现，在母体子宫内双侧睾丸发育不良的男性会导致长大后不育，即使他们出生时无外生殖器异常。

Hysteroscope combined with laparoscope was used to observe whether or not there was pathologic change in the uterine cavity and the uterotubal junction in these patients diagnosed as bilateral tubal obstruction and perform the selective hydrotubation.Under direct vision of laparoscope,the degree and site of tubal obstruction were detected respectively,and the relevant operation was done.

对诊断为双侧输卵管阻塞者则宫腔镜与腹腔镜联合应用，宫腔镜下观察宫腔内、输卵管、子宫口是否存在病变，做选择性输卵管插管通液术，腹腔镜直视下观察输卵管阻塞度及阻塞部位，并做相应手术。

On day 21 of pregnancy, the fetuses and placentas in both groups were surgically taken an...

结论采用双侧子宫动静脉中段部分结扎法可建立良好的IUGR动物模型。

Cut tubal isthmus and mesenterium to womb which was inferior enclosed mass, used ultrasound knife to cut a slot slowly around enclosed mass near womb side 3 mm, in enclosed mass and womb juncture, put self-made winding loop into abdominal cavity.

清除输卵管间质部妊娠组织，在包块与子宫交界处用双极电凝刀沿包块靠输卵管侧缓慢凝切一槽沟，1.0嶶乔线体外自制线圈套结置入腹腔套扎输卵管间质部。

Methods TAUS or TVUS was performed,at the same time,placing water bag in rectum in order to make the uterus,ovaries,and masses behind uterus well visualized.

经腹或经阴道超声扫查的同时，在直肠中加用水囊，使子宫、双卵巢及盆腔包块的形态、结构及其与周围组织的毗邻关系显示得更加清晰。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。