双子叶的

The 9 species belong to 4 taxa, pteridophyta (Dicranopteris dichotoma and Alsophila spinulosa), gymnosperm (Cycas panzhihuaensis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana), dicotyledon (Schima superba and Cyclobalanopsis glauca), monocotyledon, which are ranked in the order of the origin time from earlier to later.

所选的9种植物分属于4个类群，按起源时间由早到晚依次为蕨类植物、裸子植物（苏铁、水杉、杉木和马尾松）、双子叶植物及单子叶植物。

It can infect more than one thousand two hundreds monocotyledon and dicotyledon transmitted by aphides or mechanical transmission and brings tremendous disaster to agriculture.

CMV是世界性分布范围最广、发生最普遍的植物病毒之一，可由蚜虫和机械方式传播，侵染100科1200多种单、双子叶植物，对农业生产危害较大。

dicotyledonous plant for the flower species of the Asteraceae family coltsfoot.

为双子叶植物药菊科植物款冬的花蕾。

During the latest fifteen years a great progress has been achieved on transgenic research of the main crops including soybean, maize, rice, and wheat. Almost all the transformation techniques have been successfully used in these main crops. Especially for the Agrobacterium mediated transformation, not only successes it in soybean, a recalcitrant dicot plant to transformation, but also in rice, maize and wheat of monocot plants.

近15年来，大豆、水稻、玉米、小麦等主要农作物转基因研究取得了较大进展，几乎各种遗传转化方法在这些作物上都取得了成功，尤其是农杆菌介导法，不仅在难转化的双子叶作物大豆上取得了成功，而且在单子叶作物水稻、玉米、小麦上先后取得了突破。

The one division of the dicotyledon.

双子叶植物的一科。

DNA C-values might be one of important indices in the evaluation of angiospermous invasiveness. To test this viewpoint, we compared DNA 1C-values and basic genome sizes in 3,676 angiosperms. The results suggest that:(1) the two nuclear values vary greatly among different groups, e.g., significantly higher in herbs than in trees, in monocots than in dicots, in perennials than in non-perennials;(2) the two nuclear values both have significant effects on plant invasiveness, especially in herbs, dicots, monocots, perennials, non-perennials, diploids, polyploids, Compositae, and Poaceae, while not significant in trees and Fabaceae.

DNA C值与被子植物入侵性密切相关，为考察应用DNA C值评估被子植物入侵性的可靠性和局限性，我们统计分析了全世界范围内3676种被子植物的DNA 1C值（配子未发生DNA复制时的染色体DNA含量）及基因组大小（单个染色体组的DNA 含量），结果表明：1）DNA 1C值和基因组大小在被子植物不同类群中差异极大，例如在草本植物中显著高于木本植物，单子叶植物显著高于双子叶植物，多年生植物显著高于非多年生植物；2）两项指标都与被子植物入侵性显著负相关，尤其是在草本植物、双子叶植物、单子叶植物、多年生植物、非多年生植物、二倍体、多倍体、菊科和禾本科中，然而在木本植物、豆科植物中其与植物入侵性无显著关系。

Because homeotic gene mutation and floral organ variation is a direct relationship,therefore the mutant application is the current functional genomics study developmentdirection. We discovered one mutant ah from line 458, which was a line ofthe twin-seedling strain W2555.ln this study, we have investigated the morphogenesisprogress, genetic analysis of mutant traits and molecular tagging of related gene.

目前，由于在水稻中发现的花器官突变体很少，所以对水稻花发育的研究主要是利用双子叶植物MAS-box基因的保守序列设计引物，在水稻基因组或者cDNA文库中筛选与双子叶植物花器官发育相对应的MADS基因，因为同源异型基因的突变与花器官的变异是直接对应的关系，所以突变体的应用是当前功能基因组学的发展方向。

In this review, we use Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa as examples, and summarize the study results of floral homeotic MADS-box genes in two major groups of angiosperms — core eudicots and monocots — over the past decade. Our aim was to review the functional conservation and diversity of floral homeotic MADS-box genes in angiosperms and discuss whether the ABCDE model has been conserved in monocotyledons.

本文以模式植物拟南芥和水稻为例，综述了近10年来对被子植物两大主要类群——核心真双子叶植物和单子叶植物花同源异型MADS-box基因的研究成果，分析MADS-box基因在被子植物中的功能保守性和多样性，同时探讨双子叶植物花发育的ABCDE模型在多大程度上适用于单子叶植物。

The galactosyl oligosaccharides of raffinose series are widely distributed in seeds of many species and are localized in tissues that remain viable after desiccation, including the embryo and aleurone layer of cereals, cotyledons and axis tissues of legumes and other dicots.

棉子糖半乳糖苷系列寡糖广泛分布在许多种植物种子中，并存在于干燥后仍能保持活力的组织内，如禾谷类种子的胚及糊粉层，豆类及其他双子叶植物的子叶和胚轴组织等。棉子糖半乳糖苷系列寡糖在禾谷类种子的非自溶性中央胚乳中不合成，但存在于蓖麻种子的自溶性胚乳细胞中。

These large differences were predominantly caused by differences in numbers of annual dicots and perennial, mainly woodland dicots while the higher total species numbers in the Netherlands were mainly the result of an increase in all annual species.

这些大的差异主要是所造成的差异，在人数每年双子叶植物和多年生，林地主要是双子叶植物，而高占总种数的数目，在荷兰，主要是由于增加了，每年都种。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。