双子叶植物

The 9 species belong to 4 taxa, pteridophyta (Dicranopteris dichotoma and Alsophila spinulosa), gymnosperm (Cycas panzhihuaensis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana), dicotyledon (Schima superba and Cyclobalanopsis glauca), monocotyledon, which are ranked in the order of the origin time from earlier to later.

所选的9种植物分属于4个类群，按起源时间由早到晚依次为蕨类植物、裸子植物（苏铁、水杉、杉木和马尾松）、双子叶植物及单子叶植物。

Vector pDLBRBNPT contained plant selective marker gene nptⅡ and vector pCDMAR-Hyg contained plant selective marker hygramycin phosphotransferase gene , they fitted to dicotyledon and monocotyledon transformation respectively.

载体pDLBRBNPT含有植物选择标记基因nptⅡ，适合双子叶植物转化；而载体pCDMAR-Hyg的植物选择标记潮霉素磷酸转移酶(Hygramycinphosphotransferase，Hyg)分离，主要用于单子叶植物转化。

Western blot and the immunoblot results indicate that the antibodies not only can react with silicon-binding proteins of rice, but also can cross react with the proteins of other silicon-accumulated graminaceous plants, while it does not react with the proteins of non-silicon accumulated dicotyledonous plants and BSA. These findings indicate that the homologous proteins of SBP117 are widely existed in the graminaceous plants.

蛋白质印迹和免疫印迹检测表明，SBP117的抗体不仅能识别水稻硅结合蛋白，而且与其他累积硅的禾本科植物中提取的硅结合蛋白有交叉反应，但它不识别不累积硅的双子叶植物番茄叶中的蛋白质以及牛血清蛋白，说明与SBP117同源的硅结合蛋白广泛存在于禾本科植物之中。

Immunoblot results indicate the antibody can also cross react with the proteins of other silica-accumulated graminaceous plants, while it does not react with the proteins of dicotyledonous plants. These findings indicate that the homologous proteins of SBP117 are widely existed in the graminaceous plantss. This indicated silica accumulated in higher plants posses the character of systematic development.

免疫印迹检测表明此抗体还能与其它累积硅的禾本科植物硅体中的蛋白发生交叉反应，但不能与双子叶植物蛋白反应，这说明与SBP117相似的硅结合蛋白广泛存在于积累硅的禾本科植物之中，硅在高等植物中的积累具有系统发育上的特征。

Here, we inserted the RRD3 fragment into the plant promoter-capture vector, pCAMBIA1391Z, and examined whether the RRD3 fragment has promoter activity in plants. Transgenic tobacco and rice calli both showed β-glucuronidase activity, indicating that RRD3 can act as a promoter in both monocot and dicot plants.

我们将RRD3片段插入到植物启动子捕获载体pCAMBIA1391Z中，检测RRD3片段是否在植物中也有启动子活性，转基因烟草再生植株和水稻愈伤组织均显示了gusA基因的表达，表明其在单子叶和双子叶植物中均可行使启动子功能。

When the frequency of codon usage of citrus was compared to Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, Saccharomyces cerevisiac and Escherichia coli, we found that the codon preference is considerably different between citrus and non-plant species. While compared to Arabidopsis thaliana, Lycopersicon esculentum, Oryza sativa and Musa acuminata, we found that the codon preference was identical in dicotyledons, but was different between citrus and monocotyledon, Oryza sativa and Musa acuminate.

将柑橘的密码子使用频率与人、果蝇、酵母和大肠杆菌等不同种类模式生物比较后发现，柑橘密码子的偏爱性与不同种类生物有不同程度的差异；但将柑橘的密码子使用频率与拟南芥、番茄、水稻和尖叶蕉等不同种类的植物相比，发现柑橘密码子的偏爱性与同为双子叶植物的拟南芥、番茄完全一样，而与水稻、尖叶蕉这2种单子叶植物均有较大的差异。

By comparing their sequences with homologues from other plants, it was found that GME genes were highly conserved among plant species, though phylogenetic study showed that all known GMEs could be divided into two distinct groups corresponding to monocots and dicots.

通过逆转录PCR技术从水稻成熟叶片中克隆到两个GME基因的cDNA序列，并与其他植物物种中的GMEs进行比对，结果显示，GME基因在所有植物物种中高度保守，尽管进化树分析表明单子叶植物GMEs和双子叶植物GMEs在进化上相互独立。

Firstly, both cDNAs were isolated from the rice mature leaves using RT-PCR technique. By comparing their sequences with homologues from other plants, it was found that GME genes were highly conserved among plant species, though phylogenetic study showed that all known GMEs could be divided into two distinct groups corresponding to monocots and dicots.

通过逆转录PCR技术从水稻成熟叶片中克隆到两个GME基因的cDNA序列，并与其他植物物种中的GMEs进行比对，结果显示，GME基因在所有植物物种中高度保守，尽管进化树分析表明单子叶植物GMEs和双子叶植物GMEs在进化上相互独立。

DNA C-value is of practical value in the forecast of the invasiveness of exotic species. However, such predictions must be made with comparisons within families because the DNA C-values vary greatly between woody and herbaceous species, between monocots and dicots, between annuals and perennials, and especially among families.

DNA C-值在预测外来物种的入侵性方面具有一定的应用价值，但是，由于在木本植物和草本植物之间、单子叶与双子叶植物之间、一年生和多年生植物之间，特别是在不同的科之间，植物的DNA C-值较明显的差异，因此，根据DNA C-值预测外来物种的入侵性，应该严格地限于同一科内的相关物种间的比较。

Although the model doesn't suit to monocots, but it has helped to analyze new genes and gene functions in monocots. Although lilies are among the most important ornamental plants, relatively little research has been conducted on lily flower development.

虽然有证据表明依据拟南芥、金鱼草等双子叶植物提出的ABC模型，并不完全适用于单子叶植物，但是仍然给人们在单子叶植物花发育相关基因的克隆和功能研究中提供了参考和借鉴。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。