双受体

In the mouse,genetic studies show that the MC1R appears to be a unique,bifunctionally controlled receptor,activated by α–MSH and antagonized by agouti,both of which contribute to the variability seen in mammalian coat color.

MC1R基因的变异与动物的皮毛、人的皮肤和头发颜色差异密切相关。对小鼠的遗传学研究显示，MC1R是独特的、双功能控制受体。

Review articles only; calretinin; fovea centralis; macula lutea; ora serrata; photoreceptors; rods; cones; optic tract; optic nerve; visual cortex; color vision; photoreception; opsin; rhodopsin; guanine nucleotide-binding protein; G protein-coupled receptors; ion channels (cyclic GMP-gated); guanylate cyclase; cyclic GMP; dark adaptation; visual pigments; polyenes; 11-cis-retinal; vitamin A; chromophores; arrestin; recoverin; phosducin; transducin; bipolar cells; retinal ganglion cells; retinal progenitor cells; amacrine cells; Mueller cells; light; retinogenesis; ommatidia; optic vesicles; retinitis pigmentosa; blindness; macular degeneration; blind spot; Mach bands; electroretinograms; binocular vision; visual acuity; vision; retina

唯一综述；钙网膜蛋白；中央凹；黄斑；锯齿缘；光感受器；杆状细胞；圆锥细胞；视束；视神经；直观皮层；色视觉；光感受；视蛋白；视紫质；鸟苷酸-结合蛋白；G蛋白-电偶受体；离子通道；鸟苷酸环化酶；环鸟苷酸；暗适应；视色素；多烯；11 - cis -视网膜；抗干眼醇；发色团；抑制蛋白；恢复蛋白；phosducin；转导蛋白；双极细胞；视网膜神经节细胞；视网膜祖细胞；无长突细胞；米勒细胞；光；retinogenesis；小眼；视泡；色素性视网膜炎；盲的黄斑变性；盲点；马赫带；视网膜电流图；双目视觉

Calretinin; fovea centralis; macula lutea; ora serrata; photoreceptors; rods; cones; optic tract; optic nerve; visual cortex; color vision; photoreception; opsin; rhodopsin; guanine nucleotide-binding protein; G protein-coupled receptors; ion channels (cyclic GMP-gated); guanylate cyclase; cyclic GMP; dark adaptation; visual pigments; polyenes; 11-cis-retinal; vitamin A; chromophores; arrestin; recoverin; phosducin; transducin; bipolar cells; retinal ganglion cells; retinal progenitor cells; amacrine cells; Mueller cells; light; retinogenesis; ommatidia; optic vesicles; retinitis pigmentosa; blindness; macular degeneration; blind spot; Mach bands; electroretinograms; binocular vision; visual acuity; vision; retina

光感受；视蛋白；视紫质；鸟苷酸-结合蛋白；G蛋白-电偶受体；离子通道；鸟苷酸环化酶；环鸟苷酸；暗适应；视色素；多烯；11 - cis -视网膜的；抗干眼醇；发色团；抑制蛋白；恢复蛋白；phosducin；转导蛋白；双极细胞；视网膜神经节细胞；视网膜祖细胞；无长突细胞；米勒细胞；光；retinogenesis；小眼；视泡；色素性视网膜炎；盲的；黄斑变性；盲点；马赫带；视网膜电流图；双目视觉；视敏度；视觉；视网膜

Chronobiology ; circadian rhythm ; yeast two-hybrid ; laminin receptor ; Period1 gene

时间生物学；生物节律；酵母双杂交；层粘连蛋白受体； Period1基因

The biphasic changes of AC and PKC were independent of #beta#--and #alpha#_(1)--adrenergic receptor systems.

上述AC和PKC的双相变化不是肾上腺能#beta#-受体和#alpha#_(1)-受体系统依赖的。

In order to distinguish the type of GFP positive cells in glomeruli further, we also carried out fluorescence histochemistry double staining, the results of it were: the GFP positive cells in recipients glomeruli in mice of the four, five, six groups were blood cells in glomeruli capillary loop, but not the glomeruli resident cells, for example, endothelial cells, epithelial cells or intercapillary cells.

为了进一步鉴别受体鼠肾小球内GFP阳性细胞的种类，我们进行了免疫荧光组织化学双染色，结果显示：④、⑤、⑥组受体鼠肾小球内的GFP阳性细胞可能是肾小球毛细血管袢内的血细胞而非肾小球的固有细胞，即内皮细胞、上皮细胞或系膜细胞。

Clonidine (20ug/bilateral), an alpha agonist, produced similar effect as NA; while phentolamine (10ug/unilateral), an alpha antagonist, brought about an enhancement of AA, This phenomenon was observed in the acupuncture effective group, but not in the acupuncture uneffective one. However, propranolol (10ug/unilateral), a beta antagonist, had no effect on AA in these two groups.

结果表明，微量注射NA（0.5μg/单侧）能部分翻转针刺镇痛作用；α受体激动剂可乐定（20μg/双侧）也有同样作用；而α受体拮抗剂酚妥拉明（10μg/单侧）可以显著加强针刺有效组家兔的针刺镇痛作用，但对针刺无效组的痛阈无明显影响；β受体拮抗剂心得安（10μg/单侧）则对针刺有效或无效组的痛阈均无显著作用。

ABSTRACT It is because that the excellent acceptors for maize transgenic engineering are insufficient in our country, especially in the southwest mountain areas of china and hereditary variation regularity for the two characters such as efficiency of embryonic callus induction and number of regenerating plant (these two characters were abbreviated to the nduction efficiency and number of regenerating in the following of the paper, respectively), which hint the maize culturing capacity, is not very clear. Therefore, aiming at picking out superior acceptors, we had made systematic researches on the two characters with combing traditional quantitative-character genetic analyzing methods such as single-factor genetic mating design, diallel crossing genetic design, genetic effect analyzing method and the modern molecular locating method such as QTLs'. The main results are followed.(1) 50 superior inbred lines and about 30 crosses in our country, especially in the southwest of China were used for identifying and selecting the superior genotypes in the above two investigated characters under the same culturing condition in 2000 and 2001. There was very significant difference among the genotypes in the both characters. But the two characters were not certainly related. Some genotypes such as 18-599 and 18-599 were very good in them. For some ones such as zong 31, induction was higher than 18-599 and 18-599 in the efficiency, but it was only 1/3 to the later in regenerating number. In some genotypes such as S37, R08, R15, P138, A318, induction efficiency was just about 3% and scarcely any regenerating plants were got. On the whole, hybrids acted better than inbreeds in the both characters.(2) Two kind of inbreeds were selected as parents of the Griffing's method 1. 18-599 and 18-599 and the inbred line zong 31 are one kind because they are not only superior in the characters of maize cross breeding, such as CA, resistance to disease and the important agricultural characters, but also excellent in transformation characters as the induction and regeneration.

针对我国、特别是西南山地所需玉米转基因工程育种优良受体极为匮乏和反应玉米幼胚培养能力的2个主要性状，即玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数的遗传变异规律十分不清楚的实际情况，本研究从筛选玉米转基因工程所需要的优良受体入手，采用单因素遗传交配设计、双列杂交遗传交配设计、世代基因效应等传统数量性状分析方法，以及现代分子标记定位主效QTL分析方法，对玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状进行了较为系统的分析研究，取得以下主要研究结果：(1)于2000年和2001年通过对我国、特别是西南地区近50份优良自交系和近30个杂交组合，在相同培养条件下，对幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个幼胚培养能力性状进行了筛选与鉴定，发现玉米不同基因型具有完全不同的幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数，但幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率与胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数并不具有必然的相关关系，有的基因型，如自交系18-599和18-599在胚性愈伤组织诱导率和愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状都表现相当优异；有的基因型，如自交系综31，仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率性状表现高于19-599和18-599，但在胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数这一性状则与它们有相当大的差距，仅为19-599和18-599的1/3左右；有的基因型，如S37、R08、R15、P138、A318等玉米自交系不仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率很低，平均仅在3％左右，而且胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数表现也很差，基本上没有分化成苗。

The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.

本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法，研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami，RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ，GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum，NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis，DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP，5μg)，注射当天睡眠时间略有减少，第二日睡眠时间显著减少，觉醒时间明显增多，第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加，觉醒时间减少；而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid， L-Glu， 0.2μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline，BIC，1.0μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen，BAC，1.0μg)后，产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg，0.5μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间略有减少，但无显著性意义；而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside，SNP，0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间，缩短睡眠时间；微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine，L-NNA，2.0μg)后，引起睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用；RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后，与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠，其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate，MOR，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加； RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride，NAL，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少；RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue，MB，1.0μg)后，与NS组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 0.2μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多；大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide， MS， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine，PCPA，10μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少；大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg)，产生睡眠增多效应后，在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan ， 5-HTP， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多。

The paper involved two parts: Part 1: A two-chambered microbial fuel cell was constructed with high-concentration sodium acetate as fuel in the anode. The influence of different electron acceptors in the cathode, external resistance value, pH value and concentration of sodium acetate on electricity generation in MFC was investigated. The result showed that the maximum power density of 294.72 mW/m2 and the coulombic efficiency of 25.87% was achieved at sodium acetate concentration of 6.46 g/L, pH 7.0, external resistance 500Ωin the anode and when using potassium permanganate as electron acceptor in the cathode.

全文分为两个部分：第一部分：以乙酸钠为阳极原料构建双室微生物燃料电池，研究不同阴极受体、外接电阻、乙酸钠浓度和pH等因素对电池产电性能的影响，研究结果表明：在500mL的阴阳极反应体系中，选用乙酸钠作为阳极底物，质量浓度为6.46 g/L， pH 7.0，接入500Ω外电阻，阴极电子受体选择高锰酸钾的情况下，微生物燃料电池产电性能最好，最大电功率密度达到294.72 mW/m2，库伦效率能达到25.87%。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。