双倍

The result showed that newwheat species might be prodcued in progeny of unstable amphidiploid, which offeredsignificant pattern for evolution from octaploid wheat to hexaploid wheat and widenedthe train of thought of studying the origin of biological species.

这个结果显示，通过对双二倍体分离后代的有效选择，有可能形成一个新的小麦种，从而为从八倍体小麦向六倍体小麦演化提供了一个新的进化模式，拓宽了研究物种起源的思路。

When ATRP of styrene was investigated with 1-phenylethyl bromide/benzyl a,a-dibromide mixture as initiator, the GPC chromatogram shows two elution peaks and the molecular weighs of the peaks are approximately in a 2/1 ratio. It suggests that benzyl dibromide is a difunctional initiator of ATRP of styrene. The analysis of end group using 1H-NMR also proves the result above.

采用1-苯基溴乙烷／α，α-二溴化苄混合引发剂进行苯乙烯的ATRP反应时，所得聚苯乙烯的GPC谱图为双峰，分子量相差一倍，初步证明了α，α-二溴化苄引发苯乙烯ATRP反应时是双官能引发剂，并用~1H-NMR对聚合物结构进行分析，进一步证明了α，α-二溴化苄引发苯乙烯ATRP时是双端同时增长的。

The tumors with double DNA heteroploidies (3cases) were much more malignant in nat- ure than those with diploidy + heteroploidy.

双异倍体干系肿瘤（3例）的性质极恶，2倍体加异倍体肿瘤的行为略好。

That PI and the percentage of the cells in s-phase of the borderline/malignant and heteroploid/aneuploid tumors were higher ted to higher mortality and relapse rate as well as the corresponding risk. Because of the changable characters and dissociative phenomenon of the tumor, the measurement of PI and the percentage of cells in s-phase may be disturbed in few of diploid tumor and in part of double DNA stem ones. Therefore other paramet- ers should be added to analyse before making any conclu- sion.

交界性和恶性、异倍体或非整倍体肿瘤的PI和S期细胞百分率较高，病死加复发率和相对危险性增加；由于肿瘤的异质性和"分离现象"，对于少数2倍体肿瘤和部分双DNA干系肿瘤PI和S期细胞百分率的测定易受干扰，故应结合其它参数综合分析。

Using nuclear DNA C-values for 539 angiosperms in China, we examined the variation of these values among growth forms and taxonomic groups and the relationship of these values with invasiveness. Mean DNA C-value of the 539 angiosperm species was 4.06 pg. Mean DNA C-value was(1) significantly lower for woody species (1.84 pg) than for herbaceous species(5.02 pg);(2) significantly lower for 360 dicots (2.20 pg) than for 179 monocots (7.80 pg);(3) significantly lower for annuals (2.78 pg) than for perennials(6.65 pg);(4) significantly lower for 134 weed species (1.93 pg) than for herbaceous non-weeds (6.75 pg) and for several families that have an unusually high proportion of weed species;(5) significantly lower for 47 exotic weed species (1.76 pg) than for 134 native weeds (1.93 pg), but significantly lower than that of "non-weedy" herbaceous species (6.75 pg);(6) lower for weeds than for "non-weedy" species in same genus or family; and (7) in herbaceous species, generally lower for weedy compared to "non-weedy" species, with some exceptions such as Avena fatua, whose DNA C-value is as high as 14.15 pg, contrarily, and some "non-weedy" herbaceous species in Cruciferae and Cucurbitaceae with very low values.

统计了中国境内有分布的539种被子植物的DNA C-值，分析了它们在不同分类群、生活型、倍性、生活史类型以及在杂草和非杂草类群中的分布情况，主要结果如下：(1)539种被子植物DNA C-值平均为4.06 pg，其中木本植物的DNA C-值平均为1.84 pg，低于草本植物的平均值(5.02 pg)；(2)双子叶植物(360种)的DNA C-值平均为2.20 pg，极明显地小于单子叶植物(179种)的平均值(7.80 pg)；(3)1年生植物的DNA C-值平均为2.78 pg，明显小于多年植物的平均DNA C-值(6.65 pg)；(4)134种杂草的DNA C-值平均为1.93 pg，明显小于非杂草草本植物的平均值(6.75 pg)，含杂草较多的科，平均DNA C-值相对较小；(5)统计的47种入侵杂草的DNA C-值平均为1.76 pg，略小于134种杂草的平均DNA C-值(1.93 pg)，极显著地小于非杂草性草本植物(6.75 pg)；(6)以科为单位，不同科的DNA C-值存在着极大的差异；(7)DNA C-值与染色体倍性的关系并不明显，但是，随着倍性的增加，基因组变小；(8)在同一科、属中，与非杂草相比，典型杂草的DNA C-值往往偏小；(9)总体上杂草或杂草性强的植物，它们的DNA C-值比非杂草性植物的要小。

The UV and IR spectroscopic studies of the monomer films showed that the photoreaction ratio of monomer (about 50%) was higher than the corresponding photosensitive polymer (about 10%, PVCi). The polarized IR spectra proved that obvious anisotropic absorption was displayed in the irradiated photosensitive film. With polarizing microscopy method, we found that these kinds of photoalignment films exhibited good alignment ability, and the stability of the photoalignment film could reach about 100℃. 2 A photosensitive self-assembled monolayer was fabricated that contained photo-cycloadditable groups, such as, coumarin and cinnamate. The reaction process were detected by contact angle method because the IR absorption of monolayer was very weak. The photosensitive self-assembled monolayer promote uniform alignment of nematic liquid crystals by LPUV, and it thermal stability could reach about 130℃. 3 A cationic bolaform amphiphiles was synthesized that had two photosensitive double bonds, and can be polymerized by ultraviolet. A layer-by-layer self-assembled deposition film was prepared in aqueous solution by using this material and poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). The UV-Vis. spectra proved that the multilayers film was uniform and layer-by-layer. When LPUV irradiated the film, the photopolymerizable double bond underwent [2+2] cycloaddition, and the production of the reaction distributed along the polarized direction of incident LPUV. Polarized UV-Vis. spectra indicated that the irradiated self-assembled multiplayer film was anisotropic, and the dichromic ration is about 0.09, it is higher than the spin-coating method of photosensitive polymer or monomer. We used this anisotropic film as alignment layer of nematic liquid crystals, and obtained a uniform and stability alignment result, the static contrast ratio is about 100, which is very close to application of liquid crystal device. This thesis is an instance that the photochemical material was used in the physics region of liquid crystals, the route that was from photosensitive monomer, self-assembled monolayer film to self-assembled multiplayer film was undergone, by this logical research method photoailgnment of liquid crystal was extended and consummated.

围绕上述思路开展了如下工作：1合成了三种可进行光二聚反应的光敏小分子单体，LPUV 辐照制作了光控取向膜；用紫外-可见光谱法和红外光谱法分析了薄膜中的光化学反应，发现小分子的光反应程度可达到50%以上，至少比光敏高分子高出5倍；薄膜的偏振红外光谱证实，经过LPUV 辐照后薄膜出现了明显的各向异性；将小分子光控取向膜制成液晶器件，在偏光显微镜下观察看到均匀一致的液晶取向；并且热稳定性达到100℃左右，接近实用化要求。2制备了含肉桂酸、香豆素基团的自组装单层膜；采用接触角的方法监测自组装反应的动力学过程；紫外-可见光谱证实了自组装单层膜在石英基板表面形成；自组装单层膜经LPUV 辐照后能诱导液晶均匀取向，而且热稳定性可达130℃，热稳定性进一步提高。3合成了含有光敏双键的双季铵盐，在水溶液状态下将它和聚乙烯基苯磺酸钠沉积生成layer-by-layer 自组装多层膜，紫外-可见光谱证实这是一个逐层均匀的沉积；在LPUV 照射下，自组装膜中的光敏双键按照偏振方向发生[2+2]环加成反应，形成取向膜，用二向色性值评价的分子取向度高于高分子及小分子光控取向膜的水平；实验证明用自组装多层膜制成的液晶器件亮暗态均匀，静态对比度约为100，达到实用化器件的水平。

Of CBMC can be purified by Mini-MACS as CD34〓 stem cells. B. The number of CD34〓 stem cells can expand to 40.24±9. 86 fold after 14 days. C. No matter in the expression of CD1a, CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR, or in the function of stimulating xenogenous lymphocyte proliferation, there was no difference between CD34+ stem cell DCs or monocyte DCs. D. The percentage of CD3〓CD56〓 cells is the same in CIK cells co-culture with DCs transfected with SKOV3 RNA, CIK cells co-culture with DCs, and CIK cells. E. The expansion rate of CIK cells can be accelerated by co-culturing with loaded or unloaded DCs. However, the expansion rate between loaded or unloaded group is the same. F. The strongest cytotoxicity against SKOV3 cell line was achieved by CIK cells co-cultured with DCs loaded with SKOV3 RNA.

结果：1、Mini-MACS分选系统可自CBMC中提取0.78±0.31%的CD34〓细胞；2、体外培养14天后可获得原始CD34〓细胞量40.24±9.86倍的细胞；3、不论在CD1a、CD80、CD86及HLA-DR的表达上，或是刺激异体淋巴细胞增生的功能上，脐带血CD34〓细胞与单核细胞来源的DC都没有差别；4、CIK细胞中CD3〓CD56〓双阳性的表达率在与RNA转染DC共培养的CIK细胞组、与DC共培养的CIK细胞组及单纯CIK细胞组3组间比较无差异；5、脐带血CIK细胞增殖显著，培养14天时可扩增18.18±5.59倍，培养21天时可扩增35.02±6.30倍；5、与未转染或转染DC共培养的CIK细胞在培养第14天后增殖速率大于单纯CIK细胞。

However, the use of Aegliops tauschii in improvement of wheat yield trait has not been reported. In this study, T.durum-Ae.Squarrosa amphidiploids was crossed with common wheat PH85-16, then backcrossed with PH85-16. The variation characteristic of the main yield traits of BC1F1 and BC1F2 were analyzed. Then, QTLs affecting yield traits were detected by 130 SSR primer pairs of D genome in BC_1F_1 and BC_1F_2.The result showed chromosomes in D genome from Aegliops tauschii affected yield trait of wheat significantly.

本研究以二倍体小麦粗山羊草与四倍体硬粒小麦合成的双二倍体Am6为亲本，与普通小麦PH85-16 进行杂交，再用PH85-16 进行回交，对获得的回交后代进行了主要产量性状调查，利用位于小麦D 基组的SSR 分子标记进行了分子标记分析，对来自粗山羊草与产量性状相关的数量性状位点进行定位，探讨粗山羊草对小麦产量性状的影响。

Cell lines were co-tranfected with bi-plasmids and cultured at 1% O〓 condition, luciferase assay demonstrated that all of the expression systems with different domains could be hypoxia-activated. GAL-CAD achieved more than 100-fold induction in A549 cell and more than 40-fold in HepG2; expression level of the system markedly increased after addition of glycin arm, almost 10-fold enhancement in HepG2 cell. Because basic expression also increased, the induction fold by hypoxia decreased.

双质粒共转染不同细胞株后，在1％O〓环境下培养24h，荧光素酶活性检测结果提示含不同结构域的表达系统均有受缺氧激活的能力，其中GAL-CAD在A549中获得100倍以上的诱导，在HepG2中获得40倍以上的诱导；加入甘氨酸臂后该表达系统的转录活性大为增强，在HepG2细胞中增强了10倍以上，但是由于基础表达也有所增加，受缺氧诱导的倍数下降。

Using the K20 eyepiece included as standard equipment, about 45x magnification, it's easy to see the Andromeda Galaxy and its smaller satellite galaxy M32. When compared to 60mm refractors, the Powerseeker 114 brings out much more detail in the Orion Nebula, reveals many more stars in Perseus' Double Cluster and even brings out a few individual stars in globular clusters like M13. Saturn looks quite small at 45x with the K20 eyepiece, but using my own 7.5mm eyepiece (120x) I can easily detect the shadow cast by the planet on the rings, and even glimpse the ring's Cassini Division. When the mirrors are properly lined up or "collimated," the images are reasonably sharp up to magnifications of 225x.

使用标准配件中的K20 目镜，可以得到45倍放大率，这时候很容易看到仙女座星系，还有较小的星系M32；和60毫米口径的折射望远镜相比，114 EQ可以看清更多猎户座星云的细节；瞄准英仙座双星团，看到的星体数量更多，显得更加壮丽；对于球状星团，比如M13，甚至可以显出其中少数独立的恒星；在K20 目镜下（放大45倍）的土星显得相当小，但换成我自己的7.5毫米焦距的目镜(得到120倍)，可以轻松的看到光环在土星上的投影，甚至可以瞥见土星光环内的卡西尼缝隙。

The basic concept of FOP can be summarized as to further optimize effective prescription according to the standard of curative effects and with the aid of modern science and technology and theories of traditional Chinese medicine.

其基本内涵可概括为：以确有疗效的中药复方为研究对象，以现代科学技术和传统中医药理论为技术支持，以该复方所治病证的药效响应为评价标准，以优化重组疗效更优的新复方为研究目的。

Ever since our world has been a world, native forests have been indiscriminately exploited by man.

自从我们的世界一直是世界原生森林被任意剥削人。