参考

But references can also refer to a rectangle or cuboid range or a reference is a list of references.

但是，参考也可以参考矩形或长方体范围或参考是一个列表的引用。

The computation implies that the influence of truncation error of up/downwards continuation is about 0.001 m2·s-2, the maximum error is only 0.11 m2·s-2, which can be ignored in CHAMP gravity field recovery. The influence of the reference gravity field error of up/downwards continuation is less than 0.1 m2·s-2 in general, but the maximum error can reach 1.3 m2·s-2. To reduce this error, a high-precision gravity field model should be used in the up/downwards continuation.

计算表明：延拓误差中的截断误差部分影响量级约0.001 m2·s-2，最大误差仅为0.11 m2·s-2，可完全忽略；延拓误差中的参考重力场模型误差影响随参考场选取的不同而有所差异，整体而言小于0.1 m2·s-2，但最大误差可达1.3 m2·s-2，采用高精度的参考重力场模型能大大减小延拓误差影响。

We expect it will benefit the industry field to break through the optical measuring limits at present by offering some new ideas. Optical measuring research based on moire interferometry has developed for several decades. The main idea of this research is to utilize the moire effect caused by two superimposed gratings of identical or similar spatial frequency. One is the reference grating and it is a virtual grating created by a computer program in this research; The other grating is the image of grating projected on the measured surface by the DLP projector, and this grating will distort because of the different sloped profile of the surface. To superimpose the program-created grating and the captured distorted grating will derive the so-called moire effect. This research combined the basic theory of optical interferometry and moire effect to project the different phases of the projected grating fringes by the phase-shifting method and compute the principal value of arguments between -π,π. In the end, the phase unwrapping program based on discrete Fourier transform of solving PDEs is used to unwrap the phase of the measured surface, and finally the surface profile is derived by the optical measuring system.

以叠纹干涉术为基础的光学检测研究之发展早已行之有年，而在本研究中所采用的投影叠纹法(Projection moiré)之主要精神在於藉由两道空间频率相近或相同的光栅相互叠加而成的效应，其中一道为参考光栅，而本研究中的参考光栅是以程式产生可调整不同空间频率的虚拟光栅；另一道则为投影至待测物表面的光栅影像，而在起伏高度不一的待测表面上的光栅影像会受到待测物表面起伏状况不同而在观测方向产生光栅投影条纹影像的歪曲变形，将电脑产生的参考光栅与由影像撷取装置所获取投影於待测物表面的光栅影像作叠合，便会产生所谓的叠纹效应；利用基本的光学干涉理论与叠纹效应结合，本研究中以相移法来改变投影於待测表面的光栅相位，再以相移法的理论反运算出在带有待测面各点高度资讯之介於-π，π相位主幅角，再以离散傅立叶转换解偏微分方程的相位重建程式还原待测面的相位值，以得知待测面之表面轮廓。

The reference service of hybrid library is the combination of traditional reference service and digital reference service.

复合图书馆的参考咨询服务是传统参考咨询服务与数字参考咨询服务的整合。

Communication;Communication systems;Communication technology;Construction;Data;Data exchange;Data processing;Data processing system;Definition;Definitions;Earth's surface;Encoding;Geodesy;Geographic information;Geographical;Geography;Geology;Geomatics;Geotechnics;Information;Information technology;Modelling;Reference materials;Reference model;Standardizations;Unified Modeling Language

中文标题地理信息。参考模型中文主题词通信；通信系统；通信技术；建筑；数据；数据交换；数据处理；数据处理系统；定义；地球表面；编码；大地测量学；地理信息；地理的；地理；地质学；地理信息学；土工学；信息；信息技术；建立模型；参考材料；参考模型；标准化；统一建模语言

Results: The angle that adjusting the reference line on the transverse plane is 32. 85°±6.76°, on the coronal plane is 14.15°±9.02°. The facial canal appears "ㄟ" on double oblique imaging geniculate ganglion, tympanic segment, post lap segment, mastoid segment were showed clearly. The achievement ratio is 100%. The segment displaying on double oblique imaging is more than transverse plane, coronal plane and sagittal plane.

结果：面神经管双斜位图像需要在横断位参考图像上旋转参考线的角度为32.85°±6.76°，在冠状位参考图像上旋转参考线的角度为14.15°±9.02°；在面神经管双斜位图像上，面神经管表现为&ㄟ&形，由前向后同时显示出膝状神经节、鼓室段、后膝部和乳突段；面神经管双斜位成像成功率为100%，面神经管行程的显示程度大于横断位、冠状位和矢状位。

After pointing out its superiority and deficiency, the article finally puts forward several suggestions to the development of digital reference service in library, including making criterion of aptitude of reference librarian, creating assistant forum service, importing appraise system that user is leading, reinforcing general adoption of the market principle for reference service.

在介绍商业网站非赢利性参考咨询服务概况的基础上，分析其非赢利性、受众的广泛性、用人制度的灵活性、服务方式的单一性和咨询内容的百科性等特点，指出它所具有的优势和存在的不足，最后提出发展图书馆数字参考咨询服务的几点意见，包括规范参考咨询馆员资质；推出辅助性质的论坛服务；引入以用户为主导的评价体系和适时加强参考咨询服务的市场化运作。

This paper applies simulation and actual data to make a comparative analysis of the effects of the four different references:average reference,linked mastoids reference,Cz reference and zero reference realized by the recently-developed REST(reference electrode standardization technique) for calculating the center of mass of EEG.

针对脑电头皮电位质心的计算问题，用仿真和实际数据计算比较了平均参考、连接耳参考、头顶参考和新近出现的近似零参考技术方法的差异，结果表明，采用REST可使得电位质心的计算误差在多数情况下更小。

The method of metrological traceability of values for catalytic concentration of enzymes is now widely recognized as the combination of reference materials, reference measurement procedures and network of reference laboratories. Reference materials that are value-assigned using an internationally agreed upon protocol play an important role in this system and now reference materials or calibrators have come to our attention in our country.

随着人们对酶标准化工作和计量学溯源体系的深入认识，参考方法、参考物质和参考实验室网络的结合成为国内外普遍认可的实现酶活性测定标准化的重要途径，而使用公认的酶校准物作为载体，将测定结果的数值在参考方法和常规方法间进行准确性的传递是目前酶标准化工作的关键环节之一。

These methods oftenyield widely different results so that the results must be traceable to the referencemethod to assure the accuracy and comparability.In 1964 the Expert Panel on Haemoglobinometry of ICSH drew uprecommendations for haemoglobinometry in human blood that were published in1967. The method had been revised three times; the apparatus, reagent and procedurehad been changed. We have established the reference method in our laboratoryaccording to the requirements of ICSH. Its methodology characteristics need to bevalidated whether the method is fit for charaterisation of haemiglobincyanidereference material.

国际血液学标准化委员会于1967年确定了血红蛋白的参考方法，至今该方法已修订三次，仪器、试剂、操作程序等都有改变，本实验室按照ICSH的要求建立了血红蛋白测定的参考方法，为了验证血红蛋白参考方法用于标准物质定值的可行性，我们对血红蛋白测定参考方法的性能进行了评价。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。