参数积分

For the damping of speed oscillation of hybrid electrical vehicle engine, this paper founded a PID controller according to the relationship between electrical throttle control positions, engine speed and engine torque.

根据发动机电控节气门开度-转速-转矩关系，建立了混合动力汽车用发动机转速比例-积分-微分控制模型，并根据发动机转速响应特性，对模型参数进行了整定。

The power spectral analysis of electromyographic SEA may be helpful to characterize the sensitivity or intensity of MTrP, and more even to elucidate the pathophysiology of MPS.

引痛点自发性电位活动的平均积分面积及乙醯胆碱离子通道开启时间相当适合做为量化引痛点敏感度的参数。

Finally, an empirical tuning formula was found by carrying out a large amount of simulation experiments.

在大量仿真结果的基础上，给出了一个积分时滞对象的PID控制器参数整定经验公式。

In the paper, a mathematical model of quadrant detector output signal was established by light energy integral.

通过光能积分建立象限探测器输出信号数学模型，分析了输出信号线性特性与光斑和光敏面半径比、信号采样精度、象限间光电特性均匀性等之间的关系，给出对应探测器输出最优线性特性的光斑和光敏面半径比值，采用分段线性化方法拟合探测器输出特性参数。

To measure the fracture toughness and crack propagation parameters of Q235 steel by fatigue experiment from the point of energy, J integral and the other method are used in measuring.

2从能量的观点出发，通过结构疲劳实验和标准实验，分别用柔度法和J积分测量法测量了Q235钢的断裂韧性值，同时，测量了Q235钢与疲劳裂纹扩展速率相关的两个参数，为基于Q235钢的机械承载结构裂纹的珍断与控制打下了坚实的基础。

In exterior differentiation, one studies tensors, exterior algebra, tangent bundle, tangent vector fields, one-parameter groups action on a manifold, Frobenius's theorem, tensors fields, exterior differential form, integration on manifolds, Stokes's theorem etc.

外微分部分主要涉及外代数、切丛，光滑切向量场，单参数变换群，光滑张量场，外微分形式，Frobenius定理，外微分形式的积分，Stokes定理及其应用等。

In this paper, the performance of SVM based on Fourier kernel is studied which aims at the regression in signal processing questions, and the influence of parameter q on performance of SVM is analyzed. A conclusion is drew that the integral of Fourier kernel in one period is a constant and the concept of equivalent kernel function width is proposed.

本文针对信号处理中的回归问题，研究了基于傅立叶核函数支持向量机的性能，并分析了参数q对其性能的影响；根据推导得出傅立叶核函数在单个周期内积分为常数的结论，并提出了等效核宽度的概念；最后的仿真结果证实了，在信号处理领域，采用傅立叶核函数的支持向量机比采用径向基核函数的有着更好的性能。

Fourier analysis consists of Fourier series which can solve limited one-dimensional space Heat-conduction question and Fourier integral which can solve infinite one-dimensional space Heat-conduction question. This is more systematic compared with the other methods, and embodies corresponding beauty of Mathematics to Physics.

傅里叶分析包括傅里叶级数和傅里叶积分，用傅里叶级数法解决有界细杆的热传导问题，用含参数的傅里叶变换法解决无界细杆的热传导问题，比其它方法更系统，体现出一种数学与物理对应的美感。

Further, with the help of Riccati equations, an infinite number of conservation laws for the solton hierarchy are deduced. For the sake of simplicity, taking the general TD hierarchy as an illustrative example, we prove that its 2×2 Lenard pair of operators forms a Hamiltonian pair. Thus the isospectral evolution TD hierarchy is the general Hamiltonian system and possesses the Bi-Hamiltonian structures and Multi-Hamiltonian structures. By using the method of derivation of functional under some constraint condition, a complete one-to-one correspondence between the Hamiltonian functions of the hierarchy and its conservation density functions can be built. These results can also be applied to the isospectral evolution soliton hierarchy of this paper. Finally, there's a gauge transformation between the spectral problem of this paper and the AKNS system. Moreover, the potentials in these spectral problems satisfy the general Miura transformation, the corresponding relationship between the two soliton hierarchies is also given.

进一步本文还通过特征函数的组合关系所满足的Riccati方程，得到了该等谱方程族的无穷多个守恒律；为简便起见，本文以广义TD族为例，由它的2×2 Lenard算子对的性质证明了此算子对为Hamilton算子对，这说明广义TD族是广义Hamilton系统且具有Bi-Hamilton结构和Multi-Hamilton结构；进而利用它的依赖于谱参数的一般守恒密度的积分在约束条件下求泛函导数的方法，得到了广义TD族的Hamilton函数与守恒密度之间的对应关系，这些性质对于由本文提出的2×2谱问题所导出的等谱孤子族仍成立；另外此谱问题与AKNS系统存在着规范变换，位势之间有广义Miura变换，而孤子方程之间也满足一定的等价关系。

3We obtain the analytical price formulas for vanilla, forward-start and in-progress fixed-strike and floating-strike continuous geometric average Asian options and a put-call parity under generalized Black-Scholes with time-dependent parameters by risk neutral valuation and properties of stochastic integration.

在依赖时间参数的推广的Black-Scholes模型下，利用风险中性定价及随机积分的性质，得到平凡、远期开始和进展中的固定和浮动执行价格的连续几何平均欧式亚洲期权价格的解析公式和一个平价关系。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。