参数积分

Considering the spectrometer with an array detector,a Gaussian-shaped calibration spectral line's integral sampling model is set up.The condition on which the peak position changes upon the impact of the detector spectral response is studied.And the limitation for the detector spectral response not to shift the peak position to another pixel is given.The limitation's mathematical expression for a spectrometer with a grating is deduced.

为此，针对采用阵列探测器的光谱仪器，建立了以高斯线型为标定谱线轮廓的模型，分析了谱线在探测器上经光谱响应调制及积分抽样后峰值位置发生移动的情况，给出了保证在峰值位置不偏移的情况下探测器光谱响应需满足的条件，特别给出了当仪器分光元件为光栅时，在该条件下结合仪器参数的表达式。

Thermoscope choose PT100, temperature controls the PID that used integral depart to control algorithm, can change PID parameter through clavier, real time trends shows spot temperature.

测温器件选用PT100，温度控制采用了积分分离的PID控制算法，可通过键盘改变PID参数，实时动态显示现场温度。

During numerical integration the triple integral is time consuming and divergent when the number of higher waveguide modes increases.

本文首先建立波导宽边中心倾斜孤立辐射裂缝的积分方程，然后用矩量法求解得到了孤立缝的S参数及归一化等效阻抗。

For example, we study the properties of the"centroid curve" and the"auxiliary curve", and identify two planes in which these two curves are defined respectively; we also use the idea of homotopy method to prove a fact that the orbit of a differential system has no triple contact point with the line we considered. Another key technique, which we use several times, is deformation argument.

例如研究由Abel积分之比定义的"质心曲线"和"辅助曲线"的几何性质，并把这两条在不同平面上定义的曲线放在同一坐标系中考虑；利用拓扑中同伦的思想来证明微分系统的轨线不可能与某条直线三重相切；利用几何方法与分析计算相结合证明了某一曲线是正则的；以及连续变动参数的技巧。

The relationship between the error signal and gain parameters of PID controller is nonlinear, and , a normal controlled system＇ s step response figure , under the condition of ideal change of the three PID gain parameters in the different time , PID con troller.

但是，目前使用的PID控制器大多仍是传统的线性PID 控制器，其控制信号是通过将参考输入与被调节量的偏差及其微分、积分进行简单的线性组合来生成的，而且PID控制器的增益参数在系统动态响应过程中是固定不变的，不能反映偏差信号的变化l2j。

Based on the analysis result, the dynamic cushion system can relief the seat-buttock interface pressure, the shear stress at the skin, as well as the peak stress in the deep soft tissue beneath the ischial tuberosity.

压力量测实验结果显示，弹簧式动态减压坐垫可能会造成瞬间皮肤介面压力提高，但若从压－时间积分参数来看，确实能有效降低负载累积的效应。

The term involving the time derivative of the control volume integral represents unsteady effects associated with the fact that values of the parameter within the control volume may change with time.

这条件包含了控制体积积分法内，与在控制容积中的参数可能会随时间改变这个事实所相关的非定常效应。

As an efficient 2-D capacitance extract method, ES-MEI can solve a multiconductor in multilayered dielectric media problem using the comparable unknown number like in the integral equation method as well as the sparse matrix like in FD.

作为进行二维电容参数提取的有效方法，使其能以与积分方程法相当的变量数以类似有限差分法的稀疏矩阵处理分层介质中多导体传输线的电容提取问题。

To assure astringency, sometechnologies have been used such as iterative penality function methods,assemblage mass matrix, reduced integration algoritlun, NeWton iteration methodwith parameters for non-linear equation set, introducing relax factors and doublesteps solution and so on, and an algorithIn for solving the nonlinear equation set offlow field by FEM has been presented.

基于有限元法建立了流场求解列式，为保证其收敛性，采用了迭代罚函数法，集中质量矩阵，缩减积分计算，带参数的Newton迭代求解，引入松驰因子及双层解法等技术，提出了一套适合流场有限元方程计算的非线性方程求解方法。

Using the Green function theory, the integral equation of perturbational parameters was obtained.

基于非均匀介质中波函数的局部理论和射线理论，引入了全波场的广义射线近似形式，通过定义介质参数函数，把反演目标归结为其第一类Fredholm积分方程。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。