参数积分

Influence of simulation parameters on simulation precision of the springback, such as elements type, material types, constitutive equations, integral point selections, contact conditions, friction rules, and like that, has been analyzed.

分析总结了数值模拟中模拟参数（有限无算法、单元类型、材料模型、本构方程、积分点选取、接触和摩擦法则等）对回弹模拟精度的影响。

Based on the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral and complex analytical signal representation,the free-space propagation equation and its Fourier spectrum for ultrashort chirped pulsed Gaussian beams are derived,and the far-field analytical electric field and spatial intensity are presented.

基于瑞利-索末菲衍射积分，使用复解析信号法推导出了啁啾脉冲高斯光束在自由空间中的传输方程及其傅里叶谱，给出了远场的光场和空间光强的解析式，研究了啁啾参数C对脉冲光束传输的影响。

First designed two advanced fuzzy controller. One is △k〓,△k〓,△k〓 tuned adaptive fuzzy PID, the other is parameter self-regulated fuzzy controller with coarse and accurate fuzzy query table and integral factor.

首先，设计了两种先进实用的模糊控制器——利用修正值△k〓，△k〓，△k〓调节的模糊自调整PID控制器和带粗/精调功能且含积分环节及参数自调整的模糊控制器。

And besides, the paper discusses briefly the PID or PI control, SIMULINK simulation, ItAE integral rule, AC motor vector control model and

除此之外，还就PID控制，SIMULINK仿真，ItAE积分准则，交流矢量电机控制模型等涉及到PID参数优化等问题进行简要的讨论。

The integrating factor and the modifying factor were applied in controller, and interpolation method was used in the modifying factor fuzzy number model. A fuzzy switching mode was employed to avoid the undesirable disturbances caused by the switchover between the two control methods, and execution area of the fuzzy switchover can be set by membership function.

控制器中引入积分因子和自调整修正因子，对修正因子模糊数模型采用在线插值运算；采用模糊切换来保证2种控制的平稳过渡，模糊切换的执行区域可通过设定其隶属函数的形状参数加以确定。

The asymptote behavior of intermediate point in the Mean Value Theorem for integrals ;2. Based on numerical integrals , the model parameters are estimated from the differential equation without iterations, the method is very effective in overcoming large amounts of measurement noise in the output.

提出一种简单但鲁棒性强的传感器动态建模方法，该方法基于数值积分思想，能有效克服测量噪声，无需迭代即可直接从微分方程辨识出模型参数，所建模型阶次较低、准确度较高，且较易实现递推算法，为传感器改善动态特性、实现动态补偿提供一种有效方法。

Based upon the general equations of a trans-versely isotropic foundation, the stress functions and the theory of Fourier transforms , the basie displacement so-lutions for a transversely isotropic body under horizontal concentrated loads are obtained.

根据横观各向同性体的基本方程，运用应力函数、傅氏变换和傅氏逆变换理论，得出了横观各向同性地基在水平集中荷载作用下的基本位移解，然后利用积分的方法分别得出了横观各向同性地基在条形面积上水平均布荷载、水平三角形分布荷载及水平梯形分布荷载的位移计算公式，并利用实测的一组弹性参数，将横观各向同性地基中的相对位移与现有的计算理论给出的各向同性地基中的相对位移通过图形作了分析比较，得出了一些有益的结论，以供岩土工程设计人员参考。

L isotropic, integral turbulence scale parameter

等方性，积分湍流尺度参数 m

Append A presents the formula of a singular integral with a complex parameter, by combining of the residual methode and the law of sines.

在附录A，联合使用保角变换法、留数定理和正弦函数的欧拉公式，求出了一类含有复参数的奇异积分的具体计算公式。

TG experiment of decomposition of magnesite powder was carried out on a thermal analyzer at heating rate of 5,10,20 and 30 K/min,and characteristic parameters of decomposition kinetics were calculated with Coats-Redfern equation.

在热分析仪上进行了菱镁矿粉的程序升温(5、10、15、20、30 K/min)热重动力学实验，用Coats-Red-fern积分法确定了动力学特征参数。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。