参数假设

Chapter 5 deals with the solvable theorem of adaptive inverse optimal control problems for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems driven by Wiener noises of unknown covariance. The systems are depicted by It〓 stochastic differential equations. By using an adaptive backstepping algorithm and stochastic control Lyapunov functions, the designing procedure of control laws of global asymptotic stability in probability and adaptive inverse optimal stabilization in probability are presented systematically. Adaptive control laws and parameter update laws can be obtained at the same time by this design scheme.

在第5章中，针对具有方差不确定Wiener噪声扰动和未知定常参数的随机非线性系统（假设方差的F—范数是一个常数或一个缓慢变化的量，对其进行在线辨识），给出并证明了自适应逆最优控制问题可解定理，基于随机Lyapunov定理和It〓微分规则，采用自适应Backstepping设计方法，系统地设计了全局依概率渐近稳定和自适应逆最优控制策略，这种设计方法可同时获得控制策略和自适应律，计算机数值仿真结果表明该控制算法是有效性的。

Based on the hypothesis that there is an isometric mapping between the data space and the parameter space, Isomap works, but this hypothesis has not been proved.

Isomap的理论基础是假设在高维数据空间和低维参数空间存在等距映射，但并没有进行证明。

The each material parameter was defined, and the bone nature of the mandible was supposed to the isotropy .

设定各材料参数，下颌骨的骨质假设为正交各向同性的均质连续材料。

By applying the concept of "dominant input",the existence of both the approximation error and external disturbance which are supposed to have unknown boundaries is considered.What's more,the adaptive law utilizes two types of errors in the adaptive fuzzy systems,the tracking error and approximation error.

该方法应用"主导输入"的概念，同时考虑了函数逼近误差和系统外扰的存在，假设了该系统逼近误差和系统外扰有界但界未知的情况；并探讨了自适应模糊控制器的参数自适应律由跟踪误差和逼近误差共同进行调节。

There were three major findings.(1) On the basis of the assessment of overall model fit and parameter estimates, the hypothesized second-order confirmatory factor analysis model represented an adequate fit to the sample data.(2) According to the cross-validation analysis, the second-order factorial validity of this scale was very stable.(3) This hypothesized model was invariance across these five important demographical variables, including school, gender, grade, right/left-handedness, and past experience in unintentional injury, via the testing of invariance in the multiple groups.

结果有三项主要的发现：第一、经整体暨个别的残差分析、整体模式之适配与其取代指标，以及估计参数之统计考验等结果，均指出假设此量表为二阶因素分析测量模式是相当恰当的；第二、经交互确认效度分析结果，显示此量表之二阶潜在因素结构是非常稳定；第三、经多组别不变量统计考验结果，指出此量表之二阶潜在因素结构，对於学校别、性别、年级、用手习惯，以及过去伤害经验这些社会人口变项，大致上具有因素个数、因素负荷量、因素变异数，以及测量误差变异数等不变量的特性。

The results will provide a certain theoretical basis for nonparametric likelihood ratio goodness of fit test with estimated parameters.

所得结论可以为进一步讨论复合零假设下非参似然比拟合优度检验提供理论基础。关键词加权经验过程，估计参数，拟合优度检验。

In§5.4,we discuss the hypothesis test problemwhen the location and scale parameter may all change.

5.3讨论尺度参数变点的假设检验问题，引述Wangand Bhatti(1998a)的结果，利用Csorgo and Horváth(1997)的定理，对于Wang andBhatti(1998a)提出的检验统计量〓，其中〓，我们获得了〓的大样本性质，即对于一切实数x〓11进一步地，给出变点〓的估计〓，利用Csorgo and Horváth(1997)的推论1.6.2，我们讨论了变点估计〓的渐近性质，由此，可以给出变点〓的区间估计，〓12其中〓，〓满足〓和〓，这里〓为〓的分布函数。

Based on the Timoshenko-Mindlin hypothesis and the Hamilton Principle, a set of governing equations of motion for the laminated non-circular cylindrical thick shells were founded.Using the Galerkin procedure,the Mathieu equation only with time variable was obtained,and this equation was solved by the method of increase harmonic balance.

基于Timoshenko-Midlin假设及Hamilton变分原理，建立了层合中厚非圆柱壳的非线性运动控制方程，采用伽辽金技术，得到仅含时间参数的Mathieu型方程，然后应用增量谐波平衡法进行求解。

Given the assumption of analysis-of-variance model, the text selection can be transformed to a linear parameter estimation problem, which can then be solved by a greedy matroid cover algorithm.

在方差分析模型的假设下，最优文本选择就转化为线性参数估计问题，相当于寻找拟阵的最小代价覆盖集，从而可通过贪心算法求解。

We take on comparative research on several classical softwarereliability models from model hypothesis, capability measurement and parameterestimates etc. Upon the basis of these models, we present a software reliability modelconsidering misarrange time, which is more practical.

从模型假设、性能度量、参数估计等方面重点比较了几个经典的软件可靠性模型，并在此基础上提出了一个考虑排错时间的软件可靠性模型，此模型更符合实际应用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。