参数假设

Given this assumption, even if the parameters of the system are randomly perturbed, by either genetic mutation, environmental variance or experimental manipulation during development, the system will generate a limited and discrete subset of phenotypes.

而在这种假设的前提下，即使系统各参数值在发育过程中受到随机的扰动（或者是遗传突变，或者是环境变化或人工实验操纵），系统也会产生出某个有限的、离散的表型[11]子集。

Given this assumption, even if the parameters of the system are randomly perturbed, by either genetic mutation, environmental variance or experimental manipulation during development, the system will generate a limited and discrete subset of phenotypes. Thus the realm of possible forms is a property of the internal structure of the system.

而在这种假设的前提下，即使系统各参数值受到发育过程中的随机扰动（或者是遗传突变，或者是环境变化或人工实验操纵），系统会产生出某个某个有限的、离散的表型[11]子集，因此，生物可能形态的王国，其疆域从属于生命系统的内在结构。

In this approach, double-differenced dual-frequency phase measurements and the known coordinates of reference stations as well as the precise ephemeris are used to rebuild observation equation, and then a Kalman filter is designed for the parameters estimation, i.e. ionosphere delay etc.

该算法使用双差双频相位、参考站精确的坐标和精密星历构造观测量，并用卡尔曼滤波来估计电离层参数，在给定显著水平的情况下，可以使用单个或少量历元以假设检验的方法探测和修复周跳。

We cannot accept or reject a hypothesis about a population parameter simply by intuition.

我们不能只凭感觉简单地决定接受或拒绝总体参数的某种假设。

In this paper we specify the posterior probability to be Gaussian mixtures and using a standard EM algorithm to fit the corresponding parameters of the mode.

在试验中假设影像的后验概率符合混合高斯分布，并利用EM算法化解模型中的参数。

A counter-current multistage leach ing process has been analyzed and used to leach potassium from roasts of potash feldspar, gypsum and calcium carbonate to increase the potassium recovery and the potassium sulfate concentration in the filtrate of the first stage.

采用多级逆流浸取操作方式以提高钾长石热分解烧成物浸取液中硫酸钾的浓度和浸出率，在对浸取过程进行分析和合理假设的基础上对过程进行了数学描述，建立了浸取过程相应参数的计算式。

Mathematical models of shearer parameters and noise of coal working face, shearer parameters and temperature of coal working face were established according to appropriate hypothesis and predigestion. Based on established models, corresponding simulation programs were compiled, and simulation research was proceeded.

通过必要的假设与简化，建立了采煤机参数与工作面噪声和温升之间关系的数学模型，编制了相应的计算机模拟程序，利用所建模型进行了模拟研究。

Sset future prices can be forecasted with filtering historical simulation by drawing from standardized residual density. The problem of inappropriate risk neutral assumption could be resolved by the calibration from density transformation. The transformation is to identify the state price density per unit probability through the parameter re-estimation by minimizing the mean squared error of market and model prices.

bstract：使用残差机率分配抽样的过滤历史模拟法可以作为未来资产价格的预测，而风险中立假设不适当的问题则可透过风险测度的转换予以解决，该转换过程系将市场价格与模型价格的均方差极小化求得估计校正后的新参数，作为状态价格机率分配的转换机制。

For the design and analysis to certain problem, theparameter method of 3D contact FEA using Delphi and MSC.

为便于对这一类问题的优化设计与分析，本文提出了三维参数化有限元分析方法，并从球面-平面接触问题入手，在对模型简化及边界条件进行一定假设的基础上，借助编程软件Delphi和有限元分析软件MSC。

In order to fulfill optimized circulation successfully, the optimized program should be entire parameter.

假设对图1a中方框参数II进行优化，即II为设计变量，同时利用工作平面坐标O

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。