参数估计

The estimation of rotation angle can simplify the estimation of other parameters and realize the quick registration.

由于旋转角度参数的求出通常可以大大简化配准变换模型中其他参数的估计，因而这种方式可以实现快速配准。

First discarding the thought of fitting by AR model, the ARMA model is fitted by a high order MA model using Gevers-Wouters algorithm on the basis of related functions of ARMA model. Then according to the parameters of the fitted MA model, the ARMA model parameter estimation through solving a system of antipathic linear equations using the least squares method is obtained.

首先摈弃传统的拟合到AR模型的思考方法，而是基于ARMA模型的相关函数用Gevers-Wouters算法对ARMA模型拟合到高阶滑动平均模型；然后在拟合的MA模型参数基础上，用最小二乘算法求解一个不相容的线性方程组，从而估计出ARMA模型参数。

Kulldorf'book(1961)sysmatically studied the MLE of the location and scale pa-rameters belonging to the exponential family,Kulldorf proved that the MLE wasconsistent and has asymptotically normal distribution.

Kull-dorf（1961）在所著的书里系统地研究了如何利用分组数据求指数分布族的位置参数与尺度参数的最大似然估计，并且证明了MLE的相合性与渐近正态性。

This paper use five up and out warrants that have been issued in Taiwan, assuming the returns of their underlying assets follow the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic process. We can estimate their parameters by in-sample data, and simulate the price of underlying assets and also the theoretical price of the up and out warrants.

本文选取在台湾发行之五档上限型的认购权证假设其标的资产报酬率服从GARCH(1，1)模型，利用样本内的资料模拟GARCH(1，1)模型的参数，并利用估计出来的参数模拟标的资产样本外的价格以及上限型认购权证的理论价格。

For fitting ROC curves and getting the area under the ROC curve, we applied the parametric methods of binormal models and ordinal regression models, the semiparametric method of Cox proportional hazards model, the nonparametric methods of Hanley, Delong This paper also include estimation of required sample size, evaluation of confounding effects, and estimation of standard error and confidence interval by resampling method for ROC analysis.

目前该模型用于ROC分析的统计学方法比较完善，属于"经典"的ROC分析参数法。本文探讨了单变量、双变量双正态ROC模型的构建及其参数的最大似然估计方法；采用双变量卡方检验、真阳性率z检验、面积z检验三种方法比较了ROC曲线间是否具有显著性差异。

Events,Operation and Relation of Sets, Classical Probability, Geometrical Probability , Statistical Stability of a Frequency, Axioms of Probability, Conditional Probability, Total Probability Theorem, Bayes' Rule,Independent Events,Independent Repeated Trials, One Dimensional Random Variables, Discrete Random Variables, Distribution Function of a Random Variables , Continuous Random Variables, Normal Distribution, Distribution of a Function of a Random Variable, Multidimensional Random Variables, Joint Distribution Function, Marginal Distribution Function,Discrete Two—Dimensional Random Variables,Continuous Two—Dimensional Random Variables, Independent Random Variables, Distribution of Functions of Random Variables,Expectation,Variance, Covariance, Coefficient of Correlation, Bivariate Normal Distribution, Law of Large Numbers, The Central Limit Theorems, Sample and Population ,Chi—Squared, T and F Distributions , Sampling Distributions , Point Estimation , Interval Estimation , Testing Hypotheses , A Test of Significance for Parameters in a Single Sample From a Normally Distributed Population , A Test of Significance for Parameters in Two Sample From Normally Distributed Populations .

本课程的主要内容：概率的概念与运算、随机变量及其分布、随机变量的数字特征与极限定理、数理统计的基本概念、估计和检验的基本方法，随机事件与概率随机事件、事件的关系与运算、几何概率、统计概率等，条件概率、全概率公式、贝叶斯公式、事件的独立性、二项概率公式，随机变量的概念、离散型随机变量、随机变量的分布函数、连续型随机变量、随机变量函数的分布，多维随机变量及其分布函数、边缘分布函数、随机变量的独立性、二维随机变量函数的分布，数学期望、方差、协方差和相关系数、大数定律、中心极限定理，总体与样本， X 2-分布、 t-分布和 F-分布，统计量及抽样分布，假设检验的基本概念、单个正态总体参数的显著性检验、两个正态总体参数的显著性检验。

Firstly, we give the definition of so-called value of edge information which is used to measure the quantity of marginal character in certain block. secondly, we used the information contained in the basic characteristic block to initialize the parameters of model and then detect the corner feature points to accurate the final value of parameters.

该方法先定义边缘特征量，逐点计算各像素点邻域的边缘信息量大小，并采用局部非极大值抑制及阈值法进行排除，最终确定基本特征块；先利用基本特征块的位置信息初步估计模型参数，再提取特征点对模型参数进行修正；最后，对图像进行拼接获得更大视野更高分辨率的拼接图。

By a more flexible model-the combination of semiparemetric model , functional coefficient model and quantile regression.

在本文中，主要讨论了非参数和半参数变系数分位数回归模型的估计及其应用。

The optimization methods of database SQL query were studied and some available query optimization Methods were given out as follows: The incompatible data type should avoid to be used; More redundancy search parameters should be given as join condition in join query; In some condition, the number of note hitted to target was estimated by optimizing implement using the average density; Some other maths operating symbol should avoid to be used as condition parameters in WHERE clause; Some operating symbol and its sentence should avoid to be used also; When the cluster function was used,the WHERE clause should be paied attention to more,and so on.

作者单位：（重庆工学院商贸信息学院，重庆 400050）摘要：数据库SQL查询语句的优化，须注意：避免使用不兼容数据类型；连接查询中应多给连接条件提供一些冗余的搜索参数；某种条件下优化器只能使用其平均密度以估计命中的记录数；避免对WHERE子句中条件参数使用其它数学操作符；避免使用某些操作符及相应语句；聚簇函数的使用应注意WHERE子句。

The confidence interval of unknown parameter represents the range of the value and the reliability about estimation of parameter.

未知参数的置信区间表示该参数的取值范围及其可信程度，置信区间的长度表示区间估计的精度。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新