原孢子

The fern spore, the original cell of the gametophyte, carries out asymmetrical mitosis to produce a large cell and a small cell. The small cell geminates to a rhizoid by tip growth, and the large cell further divides and develops to become a prothallus.

蕨类植物孢子作为配子体的原始细胞，通过不对称的有丝分裂产生一大一小两个细胞，小细胞萌发出极性生长的假根，大细胞继续分裂发育为原叶体。

This paper sums up the study history and present situation about moss spore germination and protonema developmemt, clarifying the important scientific significance.

本文综述了国内外对藓类植物的孢子萌发和原丝体发育过程的研究历史和现状，阐明了此项研究的重要科学意义。

Spore germination and protonema development have been considered to be one of the important characters in the phylogeny and evolution of major groups of the bryophytes and other plant groups.

孢子萌发与原丝体发育对于研究苔藓植物以及其他植物类群的系统发育与系统演化有着十分重要的作用。

In plant kingdom, having a protonema stage after spore germination is a specific character of moss and a marked difference compared with other plant group.

在植物界，孢子萌发后的原丝体发育阶段是藓类植物所独有的特征，也是该类群区别于其它类群的一个显著特点。

Bryophytes ; Spore germination ; Protonema development

苔藓；孢子萌发；原丝体发育

Roots of five species of Calanthe and two species of Phaius from north, midland and south of Taiwan were collected for the isolation of orchid mycorrhizal fungi. Total for 104 isolates of fungi were isolated. They are identified respectively by the traditional method or DNA sequence. Results showed thatTrichoderma and Mucor were most often isolated fungi. The DNA sequence results showed that only Xylaris was most common fungus.

由台湾北、中、南四处地方采集五种原生根节兰及二种原生鹤顶兰，进行此等原生兰花根部菌类分离，共分离出104株代码真菌菌种，分别再以菌落、菌丝和孢子等传统形态特徵鉴定菌种，结果发现以木霉菌及毛霉菌属内之菌株占优势，而利用核酸序列比对之鉴定结果则以炭角菌属内之菌株占多数。

From 94 soil samples and 9 bark samples in these areas, 259 Myxobacteria strains were isolated and 140 strains of them were purified. These 259 Myxobacteria strains were primarily identified in genus or species level by their fruiting bodies, myxospores and vegetative cells on the base of Sergey's manual of determinative bacteriology and they belonged to 9 genera(Myxococcus, Corallococcm. Angiococcus. Archangium, Cystobacter. Stigmatella . Hapoangium. Nannocystis. Polyangium) of Myxococcales.

根据菌株的特征性子实体形态和其营养细胞、粘孢子形态，以《Bergey's manualof determinative bacteriology》第九版为依据，将分离纯化出的菌株初步鉴定到属，这259株粘细菌菌株经过初步的分类鉴定，分属于9个属，即粘球菌属139株、珊瑚球菌属20株、囊球菌属18株、原囊菌属21株、孢囊杆菌属5株、标桩菌属36株、单囊菌属9株、小囊菌属3株，和多囊菌属8株。

Polysomes change in number as "few-many-few-many" during the development of the egg, early zygote stage, zygote at dormancy, zygote in prophase of mitosis and two-celled proembryo in sugar beet, which indicates that such changes in metabolism as "low-high-low-high" activity may relate to the transformation from gametophyte to sporophyte generation.

根据上述结果可以得出，栽培甜菜从卵细胞成熟→合子初期→合子休眠期→合子分裂前期→二细胞原胚的超微结构变化中多聚核糖体的变化最为显著，表现为&少→多→少→多&的数量变化过程，反映出细胞代谢状态也经历了&弱→强→弱→强&的变化过程，这种变化趋势与配子体世代向孢子体世代转变有关。

Under low temperature condition, fertility restoring, anther developing normally, the tetrads formed after archesporical cell, sporogenous cells and microspore mother cell. Subsequently, microspores were free from the tetrad of fertile anther and formed mature pollen grains, tapetumof the fertile anthers began to disintegrate and disappear at last.

在低温处理条件下，育性恢复，花药发育正常，经过孢原细胞期、造孢细胞期、花粉母细胞期后，可以顺利形成四分体，可育花药的四分体可以释放出小孢子并发育为成熟的花粉粒，同时绒毡层细胞开始解体，最后消失。

Results Observation of 35 746 grain of airborne fungi spores and 1 188 grain of fungi spores for one year revealed the following species of fungi: Ustilaginales, Aternaria, Uredinales, Clodoporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium, Pithomyces, Cladosporium macrocarpum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus fumigatus. Thirth-nine of 85 infants and young children with asthma (45.9%) showed positive skin test and 108 of 260 older children with asthma (41.5%) were positive for the skin tests; total positive rate was 42.61%.

结果 经1年的调查，曝片观察到的35 746个真菌孢子和曝皿观察到的1 188个菌落，分属于4个亚门60个种属，常见菌种有黑粉菌、交链孢菌、锈菌、枝孢芽枝菌、芽枝菌、皮思菌、大孢枝孢菌、黑曲菌、杂曲菌和烟曲菌。85例婴幼儿哮喘患儿，39例真菌变应原皮内试验阳性（45.9％），260例儿童哮喘患儿，108例皮试阳性（41.5％），总阳性率42.6％。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。