原子

When it is great enough to destroy the combination between the top layer atom and the next layer of atom, the top layer atomics are removed.

随着工件表面受力的增大，工件表面可能产生塑性变形，足够大的时候就可以破坏表层原子与下一层原子之间的结合，实现表层原子的去除，反力越大就意示着能去除掉更多数量的原子。

In April, your PhD dissertation A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions measured the size of atoms (and also Avogadro's number), making the theory of atoms more concrete, particularly the kinetic theory of heat, based on an analysis of data about solutions of sugar in water. While atoms had been proposed 2500 years ago and were widely believed in, you helped provide evidence for them.

今年4月份，完成博士论文"关于分子大小的一种新的测定方法"，测量了原子的大小，使得原子论具有了更加坚实的基础…特别是，还通过研究糖在水中的溶解度数据，发展了热学的原子论理论基础…虽然"原子论"在2500年前就有人提出过并被世人广泛相信，你却提供了比较好的证据。

Various schemes of atomic guiding are classified and some applications of atom-guiding technology are introduced. We also introduce atomic beam splitter in details, which is one of important elements of atom optics.

本文就各种不同的原子激光导引和磁导引方案进行了分类与综述，并就中性原子导引技术的应用及原子光学的重要元器件之一"原子分束器"作了较为详细的介绍。

In Chapter 4,with the consideringof the reflection and transmission,we solved analytically the two-dimension 〓equation for the diffraction of the atomic de Broglie waves by a resonant standing laser fieldand calculated numerically the density distributions,the momentum distributions,and thereflection coefficient.

对于二能级原子在激光驻波栅上的衍射问题，我们严格求解了原子与共振激光驻波场相互作用的〓方程，数值计算了原子空间密度分布，动量分布，以及原子反射率与透射率。

The method involves exposing the cells to a compound having the formula I in which: w is a nucleic acid x is a non-amino acid or non-peptide nucleic acid binding group y is a spacer having a chain length equivalent to 1-30 carbon-carbon single covalent bonds or is absent R4 is H or halogen or CH2O-R3; and R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different and are either hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxylated alkyl, hydroxylated alkenyl groups or ether containing alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxylated alkyl or hydroxylated alkenyl groups optionally being an acyl group having a carbon chain length equivalent to 3-24 carbon atoms saturated or unsaturated, with the proviso that at least one of R1, R2 or R3 includes a group having a carbon chain of 3-24 carbon atoms saturated or unsaturated, or to a compound having the formula II in which: w is a nucleic acid x is a non-amino acid or non-peptide nucleic acid binding group y is a space having a chain length equivalent to 1-30 carbon-carbon single covalent bonds or is absent, R5 is alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxylated alkyl, hydroxylated alkenyl group or ether containing alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxylated alkyl or hydroxylated alkenyl group optionally being an acyl group having a carbon chain length equivalent to 3-24 carbon atoms saturated or unsaturated, with the proviso that R5 includes a group having a carbon chain of 3-24 carbon atoms saturated or unsaturated.

该方法包括使细胞暴露于具有式的化合物，在式中：w是核酸，x是非氨基酸或者非肽核酸结合基团，y是具有等于1―30个碳―碳单共价键的链长的间隔基或者不存在，R4是H或者卤素或者CH2O－R3；R1、R2和R3是相同的或者不同的并且是氢、甲基、乙基、烷基、链烯基、羟基化烷基、羟基化链烯基或者包含烷基、链烯基、羟基化烷基或羟基化链烯基的醚，任选地是来源于具有等于3―24个碳原子的碳链长的饱和或不饱和脂肪酸的酰基，其条件是R1、R2或者R3的至少一个包括具有3―24个碳原子的饱和或不饱和碳链的基团，或者使细胞暴露于具有式的化合物，在式中：w是核酸，x是非氨基酸或者非肽核酸结合基团，y是具有等于1―30个碳―碳单共价键的链长的间隔基或者不存在，R5是烷基、链烯基、羟基化烷基、羟基化链烯基或者包含烷基、链烯基、羟基化烷基或羟基化链烯基的醚，任选地是具有等于3―24个碳原子的饱和或不饱和碳链的链长的酰基，其条件是R5包括具有3―24个碳原子的饱和或不饱和碳链的基团。

The valence electron structure of medium chrome cast iron matrix is set up and the effect of Si on medium-temperature phase transformation is analyzed by using empirical electron theory of solids and molecules.

此文建立了290Cr8Si2中铬铸铁基体的价电子结构，运用固体与分子经验电子理论分析了中铬铸铁中Si对铸铁中温相变的影响，分析和实验结果表明，290Cr8Si2中铬铸铁基体含C、Cr、Si的-γFe晶胞中，C原子与Si原子的结合力强于C原子与Cr原子的结合力，中铬铸铁中较高的含Si量降低了铸铁基体的含Cr量，进而降低了中铬铸铁的淬透性。

The sulphur atom in the intermediate has sp2 hybridization, and the remaining p orbital is symmetrical to the d orbital of the metal center. Thus, the lone pair on the p orbital can have interaction with the d orbital to form a π bond, which leads to the coplanarity of the center of Cp ring, Ru, P, S and Si atoms, rather than the deviation of P, S and Si atoms from the plane.

该中间体中，硫原子采取sp2杂化，硫原子剩余的一个p轨道与金属中心上的d轨道具有相同的对称性，因而该p轨道上的孤电子对可与金属中心上的d轨道形成π键，导致Cp环中心， Ru， S1， P和Si原子在同一平面内，而不是S1， P和Si原子偏离该平面。

On the electronegative elements, bonding electron number and bonded hydrogen atomic number, new molecular topological index is developed to do research on creaturely activity for alcohol, aether, ketone and ester in this paper.

基于元素的Pauling电负性，原子成σ键的电子数，原子直接键连的成σ键的氢原子数目和原子在形成离域π键时所提供的P电子数，定义了一种原子点价公式，构建了分子连接性指数。

From the fact that the hydrogens of microbial methane originate in water, it may be deduced that with the reduction of HCO(superscript – subscript 3) a transfer of H atom occurs from the O atom to the C atom within HCO3 anions formed by the disassociation of dissolved CO2 in water, and furthermore, the formyl group forms.

由前人研究结果推断HCO(上标–下标 3)在脱去两个O原子的同时，可能发生了亲核重排，羟基H原子迁移到C原子上，形成了甲酰基HCO(上标-，使甲烷的第一个H原子来源于水。

By analyzing the results,a mixed bonding state is found to exist in CIS,which is a strong ionic bond with a much weaker covalent bond. The interactions between Cu and Se are much stronger than that between In and Se.

计算发现CIS中存在共价键，是一种非典型的离子型晶体，在整个晶体内存在共用电子对，Cu原子和Se原子的作用大于Se原子和In原子。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。