原子

In particular, we discuss the distinct difference between the spectra of one-atom and two-atom mazers.

对单原子情况我们分别计算了热原子与超冷原子两种极限情况，并进行了比较和讨论。

According to the Aufoau build-up principle and the order of filling atomic orbits, the valence electron configuration of ground state atoms of the d-block transition elements seems only to be (n - 1 ) dx-2 us2x here denotes the number of the electron in (n - 1 d and us orbits.

众所周知，元素周期系过渡元素基态原子价电子组态的多样化是已往的原子构造理论无论是从定性还是从定量方面都是迄今难以给出圆满理论解释的原子构造现象之一［1～11］。

In a word, a new method that theoretically calculates the relativistic corrections and the fine structure of the energy levels in two-electron atom, including the atomic Hamiltonian expressed by spherical tensors, the calculation of the angular matrix elements and the summations over spin of the various interactions in the atomic Hamiltonian, and the approximate calculation of the radial matrix elements, has been provided in this thesis.

总之，本文为双电子原子能级的相对论修正和精细结构的理论计算提供了一种新的方法，包括原子哈密顿算符的球张量表示方法、原子哈密顿中各种相互作用项的角向矩阵元和自旋求和的计算方法，以及径向矩阵元的近似计算方法。

The temperature range of phase transformation from γ-Fe to α-Fe is 300-550℃: the activity of carbon atoms in solid solution of α-Fe would be increased with increasing the annealed temperature, and the diffusion of carbon atoms results in analogue state of different Fe configurations.

Fe相向α-Fe相转变的温度范围为300-550℃；α-Fe固溶体中的C原子的活度随退火温度的提高而提高，C原子的扩散导致不同的Fe原子组态趋于一致。

The author would further argue for the theses listed below:(1) Wittgenstein's"phenomenological period"could be regarded as the beginning of his lasting interest in"the philosophy of psychology"into the end of his life, whereas the interest of this kind didn't appear obviously in Tractatus;(2) By interpreting the"atomic propositions"as the simplest description of the data instead of avoiding illustrating what it is as Tractatus did, Wittgenstein's "phenomenological period"does show us an amazing affinity between his own standpoint at that time and that of the Russellian logical atomism, which is surely under the influence of the empiricist tradition;(3) Wittgenstein's critique of his phenomenology, however, revives the celebrated Tractarian dichotomy between"unspeakablity"and"speakablity"in a new context by denying any attempt to employ any linguistic tool to designate or describe the absoluteness of the data which could be only"shown".

本文所试图论证的要点可以被概括为：(1)维氏的&现象学阶段&可以被视为他关于&心理学的哲学&的长期学术兴趣的发端点——这一兴趣一直延续到他生命的终点，却并未体现于其早年作品《逻辑哲学论》之中；(2)通过将&原子命题&解释为对于感觉予料的最简单的描述（而不是像《逻辑哲学论》那样回避对于&原子命题&之所是的正面解说），维氏的&现象学阶段&乃是向我们展现了他该时期的哲学立场与罗素的经验论版本的&逻辑原子主义&之间的令人惊讶的亲缘关系；(3)通过否认任何试图用语言手段来标示或描述予料的企图，并通过对于予料自身的绝对性的展示，维氏对于他自己的&现象学&观念的批判实际上乃是复活了他在《逻辑哲学论》时代就已作出的对于&不可说性&与&可说性&的二分法。

10EV and 100eV bombardments have two different influences on the behavior of surface atoms.

10eV、100eV粒子的轰击对表面原子的行为有两方面的影响：一方面，增强了表面原子形成二聚体的能力，使表面二聚体成键数量增加；另一方面，也使表面原子排列无序程度增加，非晶化倾向变得明显。

We have come to the following conclusions:(1) the existence of the monoatomic layer is conditional, it depends upon the temperature, surface structure and purity of the substrate as well as upon the vacuum environment;(2) the appearance, and sometimes disappearance, of the emission peaks is a problem for further study, and it can not be explained simply by the monoatomic layer...

关于时而能、时而又不能观察到的电子发射峰值，是一个有待于进一步明确的现象，不能简单地用单原子层和偶极子理论来解释；3。吸附了外界原子或分子使电子发射增加的事实，并不是由于偶极矩降低了基底的逸出功，发射的电子来源于被吸附物质的价电子；4。实验证明&L&阴极是Ba-O-W系统，它既不是单原子层，也不是单分子层，也不适用偶极子理论。

In addition,most of theprevious studies are focused on a very narrowly-separated doublets(e.g.,hyperfinestructure,Stark or Zeeman splittings)in a closed system.In fact,the atomic ormolecular system,especially the excited one,is an open system,but there are only afew studies for it.

另外，以往研究的多能级系统中相邻两能级的间距都很小(通常为原子的超精细结构、斯塔克分裂或塞曼分裂)，且大多数理论研究基本上都集中于封闭系统；然而，实际原子或分子特别是激发态的原子或分子体系通常为一开放系统，对于这方面的研究也很少。

In chapter 2 and 3, experimentally, using the Angular-Resolved high-resolution fast Electron Energy Loss Spectrometer , at the condition of 2. 5 keV incident energy and 50-60 meV energy resolution, we measured the Optical Oscillator Strength Density Spectra for the excitations of 4p, 4s or 3d electron. The oscillator strengths for excitations of the valent shell 4p electron were obtained, and comparisons were done between presently experimental and previously experimental and theoretical results. The experimental results of different groups agree with each other approximately, but the semi-experientially theoretical results do not match with the experimental results. The delayed maximum in the photoabsorption spectra was discussed. It should arise from the transition of 4p→∈d. For the excitation of the inner-valent 4s electron, the discrepancies for the resonant structures in previous electron-impact results and photoionization results were clarified in present work, which confirms again that the fast electron impact method is suitable to measure the optical oscillator strengths. The autoionization Rydberg series 4s〓ns (n=5, 6, 7) and 4s〓nd (n=4, 5, 6, 7) were identified without ambiguity by the measurement at 0°, 2° and 4°scattering angles. The energy levels and natural widths of the excitations of Kr3d and Ar2p inner shell, including optically allowed and forbidden transitions, were determined. The widths of these inner shell excitations are nearly the same, which was interpreted by the Resonant Auger effect .

在第二章和第三章，实验上，使用角分辨的高能量分辨快电子能量损失谱仪，在2.5keV电子入射能量和50-60meV能量分辨下，测量了Kr原子由价壳层4p到内价壳层4s，再到内壳层3d电子激发的光学振子强度密度谱；得到了价壳层4p电子激发束缚态的光学振子强度，与前人实验和半经验理论结果作了细致的比较，说明几家实验是比较符合的，但半经验的理论计算存在问题；分析了光吸收谱中的延迟极大现象，说明在第一电离阈值以上几个eV范围内的极大值源于4p→εd跃迁产生的延迟极大；对于内价壳层4s激发的自电离区，澄清了前人实验中电子碰撞方法和光学方法在共振结构上存在差异的问题，再一次肯定了快电子碰撞方法是获得绝对光学振子强度的一种好方法；通过在非0°散射角的测量（如2°和4°），清楚地标识了4s电子激发的光学禁戒跃迁自电离里德堡系列4s〓ns（n=5，6，7）和4s〓nd（n=4，5，6，7）；通过在0°和4°散射角的测量，观测并标识了几个新的内壳层光学禁戒跃迁能级，得到了Kr原子3d和Ar原子2p内壳层激发态（包括光学允许和禁戒跃迁形成的）的能级位置和自然宽度，用共振俄歇效应解释了这些内壳层激发态（不管是光学允许还是禁戒跃迁产生的）的自然宽度彼此比较接近的原因。

Wherein X represents a hydrocarbon group or hiydrocylhy-drocarbon group having 1 to 14 carbon atoms, a represents an integer of 1 to 6,b represents an integer of 1 to 5,R's represent a hydrogen atom,a halogen atom,a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms or an aryl,group independently from each other,and n represents an average number which is 1 to 10 and4,4'dihydroxybiphenyl,and having a softening point of not higher than 120℃,and not lower than 60℃.

其中x是一个油气组或hiydrocylhy-油气群有1至14个碳原子， a代表整数1到6，B代表整数1到5，R的是氢原子，卤素原子，烃类组有1至8个碳原子或一个芳，77独立于对方，而n是一个平均这个数字是1至10条和第4，4'dihydroxybiphenyl，并有软化点不高于120℃，不得低于60℃。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。