原叶体

Secondly, according to the stem and leaf anatomy, leaf epidermis, pollen morphology and floral development, it is found that there are no close relations between Acorus and Typhales, especially in the aspect of floral development. In the course of floral development of A. calamus, neither bracteloe primordium nor common primordium occurs in the whole course. Early development of the flower is strongly unidirectional. Three shield carpels develop into a pistil. In Sparganium fallax, each female flower has a bracteole. The bracteole primordium and the floral primordium originate from a complex structure. A single saccate carpel develops into a pistil. In staminate flowers, petal and stamen primordia initiate spirally.

菖蒲属与香蒲目的茎叶解剖特征、叶表皮特征、花粉特征及花器官发生特点等亦存在着明显区别，特别是花器官发生特点差异尤为显著，如菖蒲属花器官发生过程中，没有苞片原基，也不存在任何形式的复合原基，花被与雄蕊原基均以单向性方式发生，雌蕊由3心皮发育而成，具有"盾状心皮"的特点等，黑三棱属则有苞片原基发生，且苞片原基与雌花原基起源于共同的复合结构，雄花的花被原基和雄蕊原基均以螺旋状方式发生，雌蕊由单心皮发育而成，未发现有2或3个心皮原基或其痕迹的现象，体现出"囊状心皮"的特点。

Sequence analysis showed that the amplified 16S rDNA fragment was closely related to those in the 16Sr Ⅰgroup, with a homology rate of more than 99 %. This fragment had maximum homology, upto 100 %, with those of Ash witches' broom, Epilobium phyllody, and Chinaberry witches' broom phytoplasma strain Jiangxi. Its similarity of 16S rDNA sequence is obviously lower than 97 % as compared with other phytoplasma groups.

结果表明，该片段与16Sr I组中的各植原体同源率均达到99 %以上，其中与16Sr I中的白蜡树丛枝（Ash witches'-broom，AWB，AY566302），柳叶菜变叶（Epilobium phyllody，EP，AY101386）和苦楝丛枝江西株系（Chinaberry witches'-broom，CWB-JX，AY859543）的同源率最高，达到100 %，而与其它组的植原体16S rDNA序列的同源率均低于97 %。

No primitive blood cells were observed in liver, which implies that the liver was not the hemopoietic organ in C. mydas. The development of erythrocytes includes 5 stages: primitive, early, middle, late, and mature. The body sizes of these cells increased first, then decreased, and increased in the end. The development of granulocytes includes 5 stages also: myeloblast, promyelocyte, meddle immature granulocytes, late immature granulocytes, and mature granulocytes. The body sizes of them decreased; and the sublobe of the nuclear may indicate the aging.

红血细胞的发育经历了5个阶段：原红血细胞、早幼红血细胞、中幼红细胞、晚幼红血细胞和红血细胞等阶段，其胞体体积经历了由小到大，由大到小、再到大的发育过程；粒细胞的发育经历了5个阶段：原粒细胞、早幼粒细胞、中幼白细胞、晚幼白血细胞和白细胞等阶段，胞体体积均由大到小变化，核分叶可能是粒细胞的衰老的标志；淋巴细胞和单核细胞的发育各经历了3个阶段。

"The photosynthetic and supportive cells tend to be organized linearly, but a thallus lacks such differentiated specialized structures as stem, leaves, and conducting tissue."

那些可进行光合作用和所维生的细胞呈线形结构，但原植体则无根、茎、叶的分化，无输导组织。

"The photosynthetic and supportive cells tend to be organized linearly, but a thallus lack s such differentiated specialized structures as stem, leaves, and conducting tissue."

那些可进行光合作用和所维生的细胞呈线形结构，但原植体则无根、茎、叶的分化，无输导组织。

Based on relative literatures,this part has included five resesearch aspects as below.1 Fifteen compounds were isolated and purified by extraction,column chromatography,and their structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis: acteoside(Ⅰ-1),isoacteoside(Ⅰ-2),crenatoside(Ⅰ-3),cistanoside F(Ⅰ-4),sinapoyl-4-O-β-D-glucoside(Ⅰ-5),adenosine(Ⅰ-6),β-siterol(Ⅰ-7),oleanic acid(Ⅰ-8), succinic acid(Ⅰ-9),caffeic acid(Ⅰ-10),protocatechuic aldehyde(Ⅰ-11),p-hydro xybenzyl alcohol(Ⅰ-12),β-daucosterol(Ⅰ-13),D-galacitol(Ⅰ-14),D-mannitol(Ⅰ-15).Ⅰ-4～15 were obtained from this plant for the first time,andⅠ-6,7,9,and 13 were isolated from Orobanche genus for the first time.2 The scavenging test of DPPH showed that most compounds have comparative antioxidant activity as L-ascorbic acid and part of them show better activity such as the O.coerulescens extract and phenylethanoid glycosides.Acteoside showed potent free radical scavenging effects with a median inhibition concentration of 25.6μg/ml.3 The anti-HBV activities of acteoside,isoacteoside and crenatoside were measured,and all of them showed suppressive activity on the expression of HBsAg and HBeAg in the HepG2.2.15 cell line.

本论文在文献调研基础上对紫花列当化学成分及生物活性进行了研究，并从免疫抗病毒角度探讨紫花列当中特征性成分类叶升麻苷的肝保护作用及其机制。1采用大孔树脂、硅胶和Sephadex LH-20等色谱技术对紫花列当进行系统的植物化学研究，从中分离得到19个化合物，利用UV和NMR等波谱手段及理化性质鉴定了其中的15个化合物，分别为类叶升麻苷(Ⅰ-1)、异类叶升麻苷(Ⅰ-2)、crenatoside(Ⅰ-3)、cistanoside F(Ⅰ-4)、sinapoyl-4-O-β-D-glucoside(Ⅰ-5)、腺苷(Ⅰ-6)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅰ-7)、齐墩果酸(Ⅰ-8)、琥珀酸(Ⅰ-9)、咖啡酸(Ⅰ-10)、原儿茶醛(Ⅰ-11)、对羟甲基苯甲酸(Ⅰ-12)、β-胡萝卜苷(Ⅰ-13)、D-半乳糖醇(Ⅰ-14)和甘露醇(Ⅰ-15除化合物Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2和Ⅰ-3外，其余化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。2)通过大孔树脂富集该药材有效部位苯乙醇总苷，并采用HPLC测得其所含特征性成分类叶升麻苷的含量可达80%以上。3DPPH自由基清除试验显示紫花列当提取物及其所含的苯乙醇苷类化合物均具有较好的抗氧化能力，其清除DPPH自由基能力接近于抗坏血酸。4采用卡介苗整体致敏、脂多糖离体攻击构建大鼠原代肝细胞免疫性损伤模型，在体外观察类叶升麻苷的保肝作用。

Comparing the nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA gene and ribosomal protein gene, we could find that these two strains have the highest homology of 99.4% and 99.8%, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA gene for the CWB-YN strain shared higher homology (98.5%,98.9% and 98.0%) with phytoplasma strains in Tomato big bug 16SrI-A group, Western aster yellow (16SrI-B group and Clover phyllody (16SrI-C group). But it is obviously under 97.0% with other phytoplasma groups. The CWB-GZh strain shared higher homology (98.7%,99.1% and 98.3%) with phytoplasma strains in Tomato big bug(16SrI-A group ),Western aster yellow (16SrI-B group) and Clover phyllody (16SrI-C group).

苦楝丛枝病植原体云南株系与其它组16S rRNA基因序列的同源率进行比较，结果与16SrI-A组中的番茄巨芽病植原体(Tomato big bug，BB)、16SrI-B组中的西方翠菊黄化病植原体(Western aster yellow，SAY)和16SrI-C组中的三叶草变病植原体(Clover phyllody，CPh)同源率达最高，分别为98.5%、98.9%和98.0%，而与其它组的植原体16S rRNA基因序列的同源率均低于95%；苦楝丛枝病植原体贵州株系与16Sr I-A组的番茄巨芽病植原体(Tomato big bug，BB)、16Sr I-B组的西方翠菊黄化病植原体(Western aster yellow， SAY)和16SrI-C组中的三叶草变叶病植原体(Clover phyllody，CPh)的同源率达最高，分别为98.7%、99.1%和98.3%。

Light microscope was employed to observe spore germination, protonemal development, gametophyte differentiation of Ptychomitrium sinense indoor cultured. The results showed that in P.

：通过室内人工培养中华缩叶藓的孢子，在光学显微镜下详细观察了其孢子萌发、原丝体发育及配子体发生的全过程。

The green, filamentous growth that arises from spore germination in liverworts and mosses and eventually gives rise to a mature gametophyte.

原丝体由叶苔或苔藓的孢子萌芽发展而成的绿色丝状生长物，最终发展成配子体

The green,filamentous growth that arises from spore germination in liverworts and moss es and eventually gives rise to a mature gametophyte.

原丝体由叶苔或苔藓的孢子萌芽发展而成的绿色丝状生长物，最终发展成配子体

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。