原则

Principle of changed circumstances pemit the parties amend or annul the contract when the changed circumstances which happened without responsibility of the parties rusult in the contract performance turning to excessive hard or unnecessary and the original performance going on would cause remarkable unjustice to one party during the period of contract performance.

所谓情事变更原则，是指合同在有效成立后、履行完毕前，因发生不可归责于当事人的事由而致使合同继续履行变得艰难或成为不必要，维持合同原有效力将导致双方当事人利益严重失衡，基于公平原则与诚信原则，允许当事人变更合同或解除合同的一项原则。

In allusion to the current situation that the administrative reconsideration law is implemented unsatisfiedly in China, it is necessary to set the principle of adverse alteration prohibition in administrative reconsideration procedure in accordance with the judicial remedy procedure and alien administrative remedy practice. The principle has its special meaning, character and applying rules. It doesn't disobey the legal principle of current constitution and governmental organic law and the principle o...

针对目前我国行政复议法实施不尽人意的现状，有必要参照司法救济程序和域外的行政救济实践，在我国行政复议程序中确立不利变更禁止原则；行政复议中的不利变更禁止原则有其特定的含义、特征和适用规则；在行政复议程序中确立不利变更禁止原则并不违背现行宪法和政府组织法的立法宗旨，也不会冲击依法行政原则，相反，却有利于保护行政相对人的复议申请权和充分发挥行政复议制度的功能。

The innovations of this essay are following:Ⅰ, Completely investigating the theoretic introduction, practical application, and effects on investment administrant, and putting forward that China should transit gradually from dracon quantity regulation rules to prudent man rules;Ⅱ, Lucubrating the rational, negative effects, and experience tests of portfolio allocation regulation, performance regulation, and industry structure regulation of pension funds over OECD countries;Ⅲ, Analyzing the rational and sensibility of relative rate of return guarantees of pension plan, and advancing the scheme of rate of return guarantees of China;Ⅳ, First investigating the investment policy of pension plans globally using "contents analysis" over the world pension plans;Ⅴ, Lodging that portfolio diversification should be the most important risk management instrument, and presenting efficiency measure model of evaluating portfolio diversification of pension funds;Ⅵ, Lucubrating the optimal portfolio allocation model during accumulation phase and decumulation phase of pension funds; taking for that risky assets should decrease with time reducing during accumulation phase, but during decumulation risky assets should increase.

指出了本文研究的主要结论，以及研究的不足和未来研究的方向。本文研究的创新点在于：（1）从法和经济学的原理角度，全面研究了&审慎人&原则的理论解释、实践应用、对投资管理人行为影响的实证分析以及成功实施&审慎人&原则的因素分析，提出我国养老基金的投资管制应该逐步从严格的数量管制原则过渡到&审慎人&管制原则；（2）深入研究了养老基金的资产配置管制、业绩管制和产业结构管制的基本原理、负面效应、实证检验等，以及对OECD国家的国际比较；（3）研究了养老金计划的相对收益率担保的基本原理，并对其作用机制进行了敏感性分析，提出了我国收益率担保机制设计的方案；（4）首次采用&内容分析法&对国际范围内的养老金计划的投资政策进行了研究，找出了投资政策应该包含的关键要素；（5）提出组合多样化是最重要的风险控制手段，并给出了衡量养老基金组合多样化程度的效率评价模型；（6）深入研究了养老基金积累阶段和缩减阶段的最优资产配置的数量模型，认为在积累阶段对风险资产的投资应该随着时间减少，而在缩减阶段，风险资产应随着时间增加。

Yantai University, Yantai,Shandong, 265005）Abstract : The vast Majority of jurisdictions in the United States have moved to regime of Comparative negligence in tort cases. In contrast with contributory negligence, where a showing of fault on the part of the plaintiff acts as a complete bar to recovery, in comparative negligence the jury apportions faults among the parties and the damages are assessed in proportion to the fault assigned to the defendants.

美国大多数的辖区在侵权案件上都采用&比较过失原则&，和&共同过失原则&相比，&比较过失原则&是指陪审团在进行事实认定时，在当事人之间分配过失，进而根据当事人的过失比例分配责任的承担，而共同过失原则则是强调原告的过失――不管在伤害的产生上占多大比例――都是被告免责的绝对抗辩事由。

Supporting gateway should follow the principle of comprehensive support, the principle of coacting between support and surrounding rocks, and the principle of control and temporary strengthening support.

回采巷道的支护应充分遵循综合支护原则，支护与围岩共同作用原则，控制原则以及短期临时加强支护的原则。

It request to define the defalcated amount must be unified with the defalcators subjective crime and objective situation.etc.

第三部分，提出认定挪用公款数额应遵循的原则：罪刑相适应原则，要求认定挪用公款数额必须与行为人的主观罪过及客观方面相统一；时效与犯罪构成相结合原则，要求首先明确挪用数额，进而确定其量刑幅度，明确其追诉期限；当时当地原则，要求认定挪用公款的数额以挪用行为时和挪用行为地的价值计算。

This article from the international criminal law of view, discussed several problems of specific application about theory of substantially similar principle double criminality in the process of extraditing international criminal...

从国际刑法学的角度，论述了在对国际犯罪进行引渡的过程中，双重犯罪原则之实质类似说的具体适用需要把握的若干问题，认为实质类似说与罪刑法定主义并无冲突，也不会造成对政治犯不引渡原则的背反，它与普遍管理原则所引申出的或引渡或起诉原则能够达成协调。

However, the heated study concerning the CP and the RP goes to two extremes of either idolizing the former, treating it unchangeable, or exaggerating the latter, considering it incomparably effective.

学术界围绕合作原则及关联原则的研究异常活跃，但呈现出两个极端：要么视合作原则为不可更变，要么为关联原则大唱赞歌。

Letter of Credit transaction follows two basic principles: absolute nonobjective and strict compliance principles, this two principles is the main reason for causing Letter of Credit cheating; much profits makes many speculators to do Letter of Credit cheating; and because the bank's negotiation documents have not stable forms, the banes can forge them; it increases the possibilities of Letter of Credit cheating to have many middleman as well as large usage of transferable Letter of Credit; it is one of the reasons for Letter of Credit cheating occurred that the foreign traders have lower quality and the cheated persons have lower sense of precaution.

信用证交易遵循两大基本原则：独立抽象性原则和严格相符原则，这两个原则是造成信用证欺诈的主要原因；暴利驱使大量的投机商从事信用证欺诈活动；作为银行付款凭证的单据，目前并无统一固定的格式，均可进行伪造；国际贸易中中间商的大量存在和可转让信用证的大量使用，增加了欺诈的可能性；从事国际贸易的业务人员素质低和被欺诈人防范意识差、知识缺乏也是信用证欺诈屡屡得手的原因之一。

Lastly, the author introduces the relating judicial interpreting principles guiding the rational determination of the scope of protection of patent and puts forward, after analyzing the judicial practice and inclination regarding the doctrines of equivalents and estoppels, etc.

论文在最后一部分着重分析了专利侵权判定中合理确定专利保护范围的司法解释原则，这些原则是用于调整保护范围的途径，通过分析美国对等同原则、禁止反悔等原则的司法实践及倾向，提出对我国合理确定专利权保护范围的借鉴和思考。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。