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The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

PSO is a population-based optimization algorithm, which mimics the social behavior of animals in a flock. It makes use of individual and group memory to update each particle position allowing global and local search optimization. The objective function considered was the total weight of the structure subjected to stresses, displacements and forces constraints. The effects of the parameters were investigated as well and such combination of tuning parameters promote a better global search behavior avoiding premature convergence while rapidly converging to the optimal solution. Results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing with ANSYS Design Optimization Tool (zero-order method). The PSO with the tuning parameters makes it an ideal method for offshore wind turbines foundations optimization tasks.(2) A reliability analysis method for pile foundation bearing axial loads based PSOThe performance function of pile foundation's axially bearing capacity sometimes is nonlinear and complex, on the basis of geometric meaning of structural reliability index, an optimum model with PSO for structural reliability analysis under arbitrary random variables was established, The PSO algorithm is very efficient to solve global optimization problemsIts use in structural reliability field presents not only the advantage of its facility of implementation, but also the possibility to obtain the design point and the failure probability with a good accuracy. In addition, PSO is a zero order algorithm, for no derivative is necessary for its implementation.

本文的研究针对桩式海上风机基础结构的特点，在国内外有关研究成果的基础上对海上风机基础结构优化设计理论和可靠度方法一些相关问题进行了较为深入的研究，具体做了以下几个方面的工作：(1)基于粒子群优化的桩式海上风机基础确定性优化设计方法桩式海上风机基础的优化设计是一个复杂的、非线性约束的优化问题，针对传统的基于梯度信息的优化方法在处理非线性问题中易陷入局部最优解的问题，本文将一种耦合惩罚函数的PSO算法引入到海上风机基础结构概念设计中，PSO算法是从群体动物聚集觅食这一活动中受到启发而发展的，该算法利用个体和群体的信息共享不断改进自身的位置从而进行局部和全局最优搜索，本文中以桩和三脚架连接段直径及壁厚为设计变量，以基础总重量作为优化的目标函数，在给定的约束条件下建立了三脚架基础优化数学模型，另外本文还研究了PSO参数变化对结果的影响，协调的参数组合可以避免陷入早熟收敛而能够快速的获得全局的最优解，通过与ANSYS优化模块的计算结果比较验证了该方法的有效性，本方法为海上风机基础的确定性设计提供了一条有效的途径。

Antibacterial function of body wall was conducted by the following way: microorganism was directly resisted through the change of cuticle, such as incrassation of up-cuticle protuberance and increasing length of micro-floccus in the up-cuticle dissociation surface; exudation function of large granular orthochromatic mucous cells and reticulation mucous cells in the epidermis could be enhanced when the Eisenia fetida was induced by E. coli. Moreover, the mucus that contained compound substance of mucopolysaccharide and protein could make the bactericidal function or dilute the microorganism on the surface of earthworm, which could protect earthworm from invasion of microorganism; the content of neutral mucopolysaccharide of antibacterial function could be increased according with the exudation increment of small granular proteinaceous cells in the epidermis, which could resist bacteria invading into the epidermis of earthworm.

结果表明：蚯蚓的体壁主要是通过以下途径来抗细菌的侵袭：一是通过角质层的变化(如上胶层突起的增厚、上角层游离面中微绒毛的变长等)直接抵抗微生物的入侵；二是增加表皮中大颗粒粘液细胞和网状细胞的分泌功能，分泌出大量含有粘多糖蛋白液体复合物的粘液，在蚯蚓体表对细菌进行稀释或者起到直接杀菌的作用；三是通过增加小颗粒蛋白细胞的分泌作用，在蚯蚓的表皮中分泌出更多的抵抗疾病的中性粘多糖，从而抵抗进入蚯蚓体表内的细菌。

SBA-15 samples obtained from both silica sources were highly ordered p6mm symmetric pillar structure,as was evidenced by XRD patterns,with similar surface area and slightly larger pore volume for the samples prepared from TEOS than those from sodium metasilicate.

通过X射线粉末衍射对样品进行表征，发现两种硅源合成的SBA-15都具有高度有序的二维六方立柱形结构。它们的比表面积相近，用TEOS作为硅源的SBA-15的孔容比用硅酸钠作为硅源的SBA-15的略大；用硅酸钠作为硅源的SBA-15有更高的微孔率和更厚的孔壁。

First according to the hydraulic pressure elevator system diagram, use the machine design and hydraulic transmission knowledge calculates the diameter of the plunger, cylinder tube wall thickness as well as cylinder bottom thickness; second, through the examination confirmation to the obtained result to complete the work of cylinder design; Simultaneously has carried on the component choice and the computation; Through to the system calorific capacity computation the and the volume of cooling water while the fuel tank cools when needs to complete the hydraulic pressure elevator fuel tank design; Based on the system oil stream condition to calculated the tube internal pressure lose, the local pressure loss as well as the all of the pressure lose to carried on the system checking calculation; Finally through the consult correlation design handbook to calculation and examines the belt, the band pulley, the axis, as well as the key, has completed the hydraulic pressure elevator pumping station transmission system design.

首先根据液压电梯系统原理图，利用机械设计与液压传动等方面的知识计算出柱塞的直径、缸筒的壁厚以及缸底厚度，并对所得结果进行校核验证完成了工作油缸的设计；同时进行了元件的选择和计算；其次，通过系统发热量的计算和油箱冷却时需要的冷却水量的计算完成了液压电梯油箱的设计；依据系统油流状态计算出管内压力损失、局部压力损失以及总压力损失进行了系统的验算；最后通过查阅相关设计手册对带、带轮、轴、以及键进行设计计算和校核，完成了液压电梯的泵站传动系统的设计。

The essential and the key problems in the mould design are given at the same time, the technology requirement in manufacturing of key parts of the mould are also described, and the selection of the sidewall thickness, the decision of the mould cavity number, the selection of injection machine, and the design of the parting plane, the exhaust system, the core-drawing structure and pin gate are stated meanwhile.

指出了它的设计要点以及应该注意的问题，同时简单地介绍了关键部件的工艺要求，阐述了塑件壁厚的选择、模具型腔数目的确定、注射机的选用、模具的分型面、排气系统、浇口的设计。

The design method of plastic strcuture is mainly introduced . The selection of the sidewall thickness, the decision of the mould cavity number, the selection of injection machine, and the designing process of the parting plane, the exhaust system, cool material cave and pin gate are stated. The design structure characteristics of box cover and parting plane with pin gate style, and side core-drawing structure.

重点说明了电器盒的塑件结构的设计包括分析和阐述了电器盒塑件的壁厚选择及工艺特点；针对塑件的工艺特点进行模具的设计包括模具型腔数目的确定，注塑机的选择，模具分型面、冷却系统、浇注系统、分型抽芯机构等的设计过程。

Detailed study indicates that this kind of micrini-tes, in fact, is typical fungus megaspores that are distributed widely in modernarid and semiarid steppe areas of northern China.

通过对我国各地130余块表层土壤样品的分析，发现了多种类型的真菌孢子，其中有一类大孢子(大小100-350μm，外壁厚5-10μm以上)与在黄土地层及红粘土层中发现的带尾的微球粒形态是一致的，进一步研究认为这种微球粒实际上是一类分布在我国北方干旱、半干旱草原区的真菌大孢子。

The functions of casing for in-situ leaching of uranium,effects of casing wall thickness on bearing force,advantages and application of thin wall casing are discussed,and the practical suggestions to thin wall casing test and application to be conducted in China are proposed.

集国内外地浸采铀套管应用的经验，讨论了地浸采铀钻孔套管的作用，套管壁厚对套管受力的影响，薄壁套管的优势及应用，并对我国开展薄壁套管的试验与应用提出具体的看法。

Is one: the petrochemical, chemical, metallurgical, mechanical, electrical, pharmaceutical, light industry and the nuclear industry and other professional services industries, the production of material specifications, heat-resistant steel, resistance Steel mill heat-resistant alloy steel, rare earth wear-resistant steel, high-pressure high-temperature nickel chromium alloy steel: Steel Casting products, high temperatures centrifugal cast pipe casting, centrifugal cast pipe (casting thickness: 5 mm ---- 60mm, outside Drive: 50 mm ---- 1600mm, single-tube products such as super-6 m diameter size of the cast pipe products) tube, cracking furnace tube, and into the furnace, the furnace tube radiation, radiation control, the loser of the ash, the reaction of various Furnace roll, roll bottom, the furnace roll, sank roll, roll stability, and various types of precision casting fixture, heat-resistant steel castings, and Steel Plant for Hot Piercing Plug casting, casting industrial furnace, heat treatment furnace industrial castings , Heat-resistant castings, wear-resistant steel castings, various types of chemical process pumps, plastic alloy centrifugal pump fluoride, fluoride alloy pump, stainless steel pumps, valves, pipe, steel-lined composite of various pieces, all kinds of PTFE Plastic pipe, fin tube heat exchanger, paper, chemicals, light industrial and textile enterprises such as air-conditioning GL Ⅱ type, U-radiators, welding a variety of stainless steel, alloy steel, carbon steel, high-frequency finned tube , Studded tube, sawtooth-shaped fin, and other products of the manufacturing enterprises.

靖江市舒尔机械制造有限公司是一家为：石化、化工、冶金、机械、电力、制药、轻工和核工业等行业服务的专业公司，生产各种材质规格的，耐热钢、耐磨钢耐热合金钢、稀土耐磨合金钢、高温承压高镍铬合金钢：特钢铸造制品、耐高温离心铸管铸件，离心铸管（铸造壁厚：5mm----60mm、外径：50mm----1600mm，单管制品长6m等超大径的铸管制品尺寸）炉管、裂解炉管、转化炉管、辐射炉管、辐射管、输灰管、反应管、各种炉辊、炉底辊、炉内辊、沉没辊、稳定辊、及各类精密铸造工装夹具，耐热钢铸件，钢管厂用热轧穿孔顶头铸件、工业炉用铸件，热处理工业炉用铸件，耐热铸件，耐磨钢铸件，各类化工流程泵，氟塑料合金离心泵，氟合金泵，不锈钢泵、阀门、管件、各种钢衬复合管件，各类聚四氟乙烯塑料管件，翅片管换热器、造纸、化工、轻纺等企业的空调GLⅡ型，U型散热器、焊接各种规格的不锈钢、合金钢、碳钢等，高频翅片管、钉头管、锯齿形翅片管等产品的生产企业。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。